Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and
Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst
Chapter 08 Memory
Module 18 Information Processing
Module 18: Information Processing The Information. Processing Model
Amazing Memory • Play “A Super-Memorist Advises on Study Strategies” (9: 57) Module #20 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).
Information Processing Model • Encoding - getting information into the memory system • Storage - the retaining of encoded information over time • Retrieval - getting encoded information out of memory storage
Memory • Play “What Is Memory? ” (3: 10) Segment #13 from Psychology: The Human Experience.
Module 18: Information Processing Encoding: Automatic and Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing • The unconscious encoding of some information without effort • Usually information on space, time and frequency
Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and a conscious deliberate effort • The best processing is through rehearsal or practice.
Rehearsal • The conscious repetition of information in order to encode it • The more time spent on rehearsal, the more information one tends to remember.
Rehearsal and Retention (From Baddeley, 1982)
Memory and the Brain • Play “Remembering What Matters” (8: 30) Segment #16 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 -1909) • German philosopher who did early memory studies with nonsense syllables • Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve”
Overlearning • Continuing to rehearse after the point the information has been learned • Rehearsing past the point of mastery • Helps ensure information will be available even under stress
Module 18: Information Processing Encoding: Serial Position Effect
Serial Position Effect • The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list • Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near the beginning of a list • Recency effect – the ability to recall information near the end of a list
Primacy/Recency Effect (From Craik & Watkins, 1973)
Module 18: Information Processing Encoding: Spacing Effect
Spacing Effect • The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice
Distributed Practice • Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by period of time • Usually enhances the recalling of the information
Massed Practice • Putting all rehearsal together in one long session (cramming) • Not as effective as distributed practice
Module 18: Information Processing Encoding: Encoding Meaning
Semantic Encoding • The encoding of meaning • Encoding information that is meaningful enhances recall
Semantic Encoding (From Craik & Tulving, 1975)
Acoustic Encoding • Encoding information based on the sounds of the information
Acoustic Encoding (From Craik & Tulving, 1975)
Visual Encoding • Encoding information based on the images of the information
Visual Encoding (From Craik & Tulving, 1975)
Self-Reference Effect • The enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant • Making information meaningful to a person by making it relevant to one’s life
Module 18: Information Processing Encoding: Encoding Imagery
Module 18: Information Processing Encoding: Mnemonic Devices
Mnemonic Device • A memory trick or technique for remembering specific facts • “Every good boy does fine” to remember the notes on the lines of the scale • “People say you could have odd lots of good years” as a way to remember how to spell “psychology”
Method of Loci • A mnemonic device in which the person associates items to be remembered with imaginary places
Peg-Word System • A mnemonic device in which the person associates items to remember with a list of peg words already memorized • Goal is to visualize the items to remember with the items on the pegs
Peg Word System
Module 18: Information Processing Encoding: Organizing Information
Chunking • Organizing information into meaningful units • More information can be encoded if organized into meaningful chunks.
Module 18: Information Processing Storage
Three Storage Systems • Three distinct storage systems : – Sensory Memory – Short-Term Memory (includes Working Memory) – Long-Term Memory
Module 18: Information Processing Storage: Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory • The brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system – Iconic store – visual information – Echoic store – sound information • Information held just long enough to make a decision on its importance
Module 18: Information Processing Storage: Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory • Conscious, activated memory which holds information briefly before it is stored or forgotten • Holds approximately seven, plus or minus two, chunks of information • Can retain the information as long as it is rehearsed • Also called “working memory”
Module 18: Information Processing Storage: Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory • The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system • Holds memories without conscious effort
Flashbulb Memory • A vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event • Can be personal memories or centered around a shared event
Flashbulb Memory • Play “Flashbulb Memories” (3: 54) Segment #14 from Psychology: The Human Experience.
Module 18: Information Processing Storage: Memory and the Brain
Long-Term Potentiation • An increase in a synapse’s firing efficiency • Believed to be the neural basis of learning and memory
Memory and the Brain • Play “The Locus of Learning and Memory” (6: 28) Module #16 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).
Module 18: Information Processing Storage: Explicit and Implicit Memories
Explicit Memory • Memory of facts and experiences that one must consciously retrieve and declare • Processed through the hippocampus
Explicit Memories
Explicit Memories
Implicit Memory • Memory of skills and procedures that are retrieved without conscious recollection • Processed through the cerebellum
Implicit Memories
Implicit Memories
Memory and the Hippocampus • Damage to the hippocampus would result in the inability to form new explicit memories, but the ability to remember the skills of implicit memories
Memory and the Hippocampus
Memory • Play “True or False? ” (9: 00) Segment #17 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).
Hippocampus and Memory • Play “Living with Amnesia: The Hippocampus and Memory” (10: 35) Module #18 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).
Module 18: Information Processing Retrieval
Retrieval • The process of getting information out of memory storage • Two forms of retrieval – Recall – Recognition
Recall • A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier • Essay, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer test questions test recall
Recognition • A measure of memory in which a person must identify items learned earlier • Multiple choice and matching test questions test recognition
Module 18: Information Processing Retrieval: Context
Context Effect • The enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information
Context
Module 18: Information Processing Retrieval: State Dependency
State Dependent Memory • The enhanced ability to retrieve information when the person is in the same physical and emotional state they were in when they encoded the information • The retrieval state is congruent with the encoding state
Lack of Explicit Memories • Insert “Clive Wearing – Living Without Memory” Video #25 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.
Lack of Explicit Memories • Play “Life Without Memory: The Case of Clive Wearing, Part I” (12: 35) Segment #10 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).
Lack of Explicit Memory • Play “Clive Wearing, Part 2: Living Without Memory” (32: 35) Segment #11 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).
The End
- Slides: 76