Think About It To what extent was the
Think About It To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement? } To what extent did World War I impact Progressive Era reforms? }
World War I Unit 7 D AP U. S. History
4 Contributing Factors for WWI World War I has Chronic & Acute factors } The long term causes are generally attributed to four MAIN factors: } § Militarism § Alliances § Imperialism § Nationalism
} The Alliances in Europe became some confused and muddled in the early 1900 s that they became Entangling Alliances: If any one country declared war on another country other countries HAD to become involved. § This also encouraged have a big Military
Great War in Europe (1914 -1919) Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914 } Alliances and ultimatums dragged Europe into a destructive conflict }
Family Ties King George V of England, Tsar Nicholas of Russia, & Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
Yet Another WWI Map
The Path to War } American Neutrality § Isolationists § Preparedness § Mostly pro-Allies } German U-Boats § Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans § Sussex Pledge (1916) § German resumes unrestricted submarine warfare } } Russian Revolution (1917) Zimmermann Telegram (1917) § German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U. S. } United States declares war on April 6, 1917 § To preserve and defend democracy, self-determination
The US (Isolationism) As we’ve learned the US isn’t what you would call a “Global Player” } The US maintains its’ policy of isolationism, and declares themselves Neutral. } § Though we were official neutral the US & British had a close international Relationship, and the War spurred the growth of an Anti-German Sentiment in the USA.
} Two main Factors pull the US into World War I § Unrestricted Submarine Warfare & the Zimmerman Telegram } Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: § The Germans had created U-Boats (Submarines) and were using them against the British Navy. § Occasionally a civilian/merchant ship would get sunk What Dragged the US in?
In 1915 the Germans sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania, which resulted in the death of 100 Americans. } Afraid the US would enter the War the Germans vowed to stop unrestricted submarine warfare, and then issued the Sussex Pledge (1916), a warning to ships before attack } Though the US was outraged over the Lusitania the US did not immediately enter the war. } The Lusitania
} } } In 1917 the Germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare (and the US did not immediately enter the war) In February 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico. In March 1917 the British share the telegram with the US In the Telegram the Germans asked the Mexicans to ally with them and attack the US, and in exchange Mexico would receive land once they won. The US was outraged and the US would declare war by April 1917 Zimmerman Telegram
America Should Enter World War I; America Should Not Enter World War I Woodrow Wilson – “Address to Congress” (April 2, 1917) } Our object now, as then, is to vindicate the } principles of peace and justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic power and to set up among the really free and self-governed peoples of the world such a concert of purpose and of action as will henceforth ensure the observance of those principles. Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoples, and the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments backed by organized force which is controlled wholly by their will, not by the will of their people… The world must be safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion…We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. George W. Norris – “U. S. Senate Speech” (April 4, 1917) We ought to remember the advice of the Father of our Country [George Washington] and keep out of entangling alliances. Let Europe solve her problems as we have solved ours. Let Europe bear her burdens as we have borne ours. In the greatest war of our history and at the time it occurred, the greatest war in the world’s history, we were engaged in solving an American problem. We settled the question of human slavery and washed our flag clean by the sacrifice of human blood. It was a great problem and a great burden, but we solved it ourselves. Never once did we think of asking Europe to take part in its solution. Never once did any European nation undertake to settle the great question. We solved it, and history has rendered a unanimous verdict that we solved it right. The troubles of Europe ought to be settled by Europe…and we ought to remain absolutely neutral and permit them to settle their questions without our interference.
} The US in WWI The US would be lead by John J. Pershing § The only direct instruction President Wilson ever gave to Pershing was to maintain a separate fighting force (he wanted the US out when the US wanted out) The fresh US troops would help to break the stalemate of WWI and the War would be over about 8 months after the US had entered. } The Armistice ends WWI on November 11 th, 1918 at 11: 00 AM (11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month = Armistice Day) }
Lost Generation Before WWI war had been romanticized and glorified. } Those who lived through the war and became writers often wrote about being disillusioned or lost, and how war was a horribly, tragic, meaningless event. } § “In those days we did not trust anyone who had not been in the war, but we did not completely trust anyone. ” ~Ernest Hemingway
American Domestic War Effort } War Agencies § § } War Industries Board National War Labor Board Food Administration Committee on Public Information Liberty Bonds § Financial support for American war effort § Portrayed as an act of patriotic duty
American Propaganda
American Domestic Insecurity American Protective League (APL) } Espionage Act of 1917 } § Prohibition of: Interfere in military operations Interfere in military recruitment Support of U. S. enemies Promote insubordination § "The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that the United States Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right. “ Schenk v. United States (1919) Abrams v. United States (1919) } Sedition Act of 1918 § In times of war: Prohibit disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language against U. S. government, military, and flag
Americans Over There } Selective Service Act of 1917 § Conscription of 21 -31 § 18 -45 by 1918 } American Expeditionary Force (AEF) § Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor § General John J. Pershing } War Events § Spring Offensive (1918) § Hundred Days Offensive (1918) § Armistice (11/11/1918) } German capitulation Casualties § § § § 117, 000 Americans 1 million British, 1. 6 million French, 3. 3. million Russian, 2. 4 million German, 2. 9 million Ottoman, 1. 5 million Austrian-Hungarian
Problems with the Peace Negotiations The Big Four had different goals } US § Wilson wanted lasting world peace: 14 Points } UK § Lloyd George wanted a economically sound Europe/German for trading purposes } France § Clemenceau wanted to punish/crush the Germans so they could never fight a war again § (Suffered the most casualties and destroyed land from WWI) } Italy § Orlando was largely ignored and left the conference.
Wilson and Peace } Fourteen Points § § } “peace without victory” Freedom of the seas Self-determination League of Nations Treaty of Versailles § German guilt, reparations § League of Nations } Wilson and Senate Treaty Ratification § Senate Opposition Irreconcilables § Strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles Reservationists § Henry Cabot Lodge § Amendments to Treaty to limit American involvement § Wilson’s Public Campaign Wilson debilitated by a stroke from exhaustion § Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations U. S. will eventually negotiate separate treaties
} What the Treaty actually says: § Germany will pay $11 billion in reparations (pay back the winners for the war) [634 Billion = 2012] § Germany loses 10 -13% of the land § No conscription § No more than 100, 000 men in the entire military § German navy limited to 15, 000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers , 6 destroyers, 12 torpedo boats and 0 submarines. § No manufacture, import or export of arms allowed, No armored cars, tanks or aircraft allowed. § Manufacture of machine guns and rifles limited. § Germany can not be a member of the League of Nations Article 231: War Guilt Clause Article 88: Forbids German and Austrian Unification Treaty of Versailles
} Causes Postwar America Labor Unions and Strikes § Unions wanted to preserve labor gains during war § Post-war inflation demanded higher wages } Union Membership § AFL supported WWI AFL reached 4 million by 1920 § IWW opposed WWI Lost membership } Strikes of 1919 § § } Seattle General Strike Boston Police Strike Steel Strike Coal Strike Public Perception § Association with radicals § Strikes causes product shortages
Postwar America Race Riots } Red Summer of 1919 § Three dozen cities experienced race riots § Economic competition and First Red Scare } Chicago (July-August) § Blacks react to stoning of young man } Omaha (September) § Brutal lynching of William Brown
Postwar America First Red Scare } Causes § War Propaganda Overman Committee § Russian Revolution § Strikes and Riots } Targets § Anarchists, Bolsheviks, Socialists, Communists, Wobblies 1919 Bombings } Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer } § Palmer Raids § Deportations
The Department of Justice Is Defending America from Communist Subversion; The Department of Justice Is Violating Constitutional Freedoms A. Mitchell Palmer – “The Case Against the Reds” (1920) } It has been impossible in short a space to review the entire menace of the internal revolution in this country as I know it, but this may serve to arouse the American citizen to its reality, its danger, and the great need of united effort to stamp it out, under our feet, if needs be. It is being done. The Department of Justice will pursue the attack of these “Reds” upon the Government of the United States with vigilance, and no alien, advocating the overthrow of existing law and order in this country, shall escape arrest and prompt deportation. It is my belief that while they have stirred discontent in our midst, while they have caused irritating strikes, and while they have infected our social ideas with the disease of their own minds and their unclean morals, we can get rid of them! and not until we have done so shall we have removed the menace of Bolshevism for good. National Popular Government League – “Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice” (1920) } Under the guise of a campaign for the suppression of radical activities, the office of the Attorney General, acting by its local agents throughout the country, and giving express instructions from Washington, has committed continual illegal acts. Wholesale arrests both of aliens and citizens have been made without warrant or any process of law… There is no danger of revolution so great as that created by suppression, by ruthlessness, and by deliberate violation of the simple rules of American law and American decency. . . It is a fallacy to suppose that, any more than in the past, any servant of the people can safely arrogate to himself unlimited authority. To proceed upon such a supposition is to deny the fundamental American theory of the consent of the governed.
Practice LRQ- You Need Paper
Practice LRQ- You Need Paper
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