Think About It Evaluate the extent the Civil

Think About It ► Evaluate the extent the Civil War impacted the political, social, and economic landscape of the United States? ► To what extent did Reconstruction maintain continuity and foster change in American politics and society?

Civil War Unit 5 B AP U. S. History

Confederate Constitution ► ► ► We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America. Three-Fifths Clause The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and acting solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof. Line-item veto for President To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States. Congress cannot “facilitate commerce” The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding States or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed. Single six-year term for President The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired. State legislatures solely responsible for amendments

► ”One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. ” § Abraham Lincoln

Fort Sumter April 12, 1861

Union vs Confederacy Population of 22 million ► Owned… ► § 90% of industry ► 97% of firearm production § 70% of railroad lines § Most banking and commerce Loyalty of the Navy ► Enrollment Act of 1863 ► § Substitution and Commutation ► Pay a substitute or pay $300 ($5, 400) to avoid draft ► “A rich man’s war but poor man’s fight” ► New York Draft Riots (1863) ► Population of 9 million § 3. 5 million are slaves ► Defensive War ► Cotton Diplomacy § Hoped to earn foreign recognition

Winfield’s Anaconda Plan “Old Fuss & Feathers” “Grand Old Man of the Army” ► Winfield Scott(74)- Basically was the Army ► Scott insists that the best way to win the war was by slowly surrounding the South and squeezing the life out of it, like an Anaconda. ► It was methodical, slow, and logical. ► The Younger Generals Disagreed, and Lincoln wanted a fast war

Union Strategy ► Anaconda Plan § Naval blockade surrounding the CSA ► Mississippi River § Divide the CSA in two (and possibly more) ► Richmond § Capture the capital with trained urban fighters

Freeing the Slaves Should Be the Primary War Aim; Preserving the Union Should Be the Primary War Aim Horace Greeley – “The Prayer of Twenty Millions” (August 19, 1862) ► We think you are unduly influenced by the councils, the representations, the menaces, of certain fossil politicians hailing from the border Slave states. Knowing well that the heartily, unconditionally loyal portion of the white citizens of those states do not expect nor desire that slavery shall be upheld to the prejudice of the Union- we ask you to consider that slavery is everywhere the inciting cause and sustaining base of treason: the most slaveholding sections of Maryland Delaware being this day, though under the Union flag, in full sympathy with the rebellion, while the free labor portions of Tennessee and of Texas, though writing under the bloody heel of treason, are unconquerably loyal to the Union… It seems to us the most obvious truth, that whatever strengthens of fortifies Slavery in the Border States strengthens also Treason, and drives home the wedge intended to divide the Union. Had you from the first refused to recognize in those States, as here, any other than unconditional loyalty – that which stands for the Union, whatever may become of Slavery, those States would been, and would be, far more helpful and less troublesome to the defenders of the Union than they have been, or now are. Abraham Lincoln – “Reply to Horace Greely” (August 22, 1862) ► I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored, the nearer the Union will be “the Union as it was. ” If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race I do because I believe it helps to save this Union: and what I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause.

Turning Points of the Civil War ► First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) § First major battle of the war § Union significantly defeated by Confederates § Myth of quick war leads to realization of long and costly war ______________ Antietam (September 1862) § Robert E. Lee defeated by George Mc. Clellan § Bloodiest day in war: 22, 000 killed or wounded § Lincoln soon issues Emancipation Proclamation ► Vicksburg (May-July 1863) § Union control of the Mississippi River, cutting the CSA in two ► Gettysburg (July 1863) § CSA’s Lee’s offensive into Pennsylvania to force peace by the Union or earn foreign support § Pickett’s Charge and failure and near destruction of CSA military § Deadliest battle of the entire war: over 50, 000 casualties § Widely considered the turning point of the war for a Union victory ►

Emancipation Proclamation ► The “victory” at Antietam will be the opportunity Lincoln was waiting for. ► He had wanted to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, but only wanted to do it after a victory so as to not appear desperate. ► Lincoln never denied the impact slavery had on starting the war, but he didn’t want to draw attention to it. He would often say the war was to “preserve the Union. ” ► Declare slaves living in states of “open rebellion against the United States…. Forever free. ”

Reasons for the Proclamation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connects the North with the Moral argument Wins support of Europe Could deprive South of labor slaves were doing Slaves were all ready running away in large numbers, Lincoln wanted it to be official ***Lincoln wants to assert his authority over the South.

Civil War Catch-22 ► Lincoln’s Argument: § The South never left the Union, so he can do things like free the slaves. § However it would be illegal for Lincoln to attack his own country with the army…. . ► Counter Argument: § Since Lincoln attacked the South with the Army they are their own country § Therefore Lincoln would have no authority to free the slaves….

Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. ► But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. ►

Monitor vs. Merrimac

The Union and Blacks/Slaves The idea of ending slavery was difficult for Lincoln § Border states were slave states, ex. Kentucky § Slavery is constitutional § Racism in the North and among Democrats § Re-election in 1864? ► Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) § “freed” slaves in Confederate states § Slavery became an “official” cause of war ► Army of Freedom § 54 th Massachusetts (Glory) - unequal pay § 200, 000 participants; 37, 000 casualties ► Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865) ► “If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong. ” Georgia general

Lincoln’s Politics and Civil War ► Lincoln and Congress § § Radical Republicans Conservative Republicans War Democrats Copperheads/Peace Democrats ► Clement Vallandigham (OH) and Fernando Wood (NY) ► Constitutional Powers and Rights § Ex parte Merryman (1861) ► Suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln unconstitutional § Ex parte Milligan (1866) ► Civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts still operating Copperhead Propaganda

Election of 1864 ► Abraham Lincoln (R) § § § ► Ran as National Union Party Andrew Johnson (D) as VP running mate Fall of Atlanta ensured re-election George Mc. Clellan (D)

Total War General Ulysses S. Grant ► General Sheridan and “The Burning” ► General Sherman’s March to the Sea ►

William Tecumseh Sherman ► Hardened Military Veteran ► Grant’s #2 General ► “We cannot change the hearts of these people of the South… but we can make war so terrible. . And make them so sick of war that generations [will] pass away before they again appeal to it. ”

Peace ► Appomattox - April 9, 1865 § Lee surrenders to Grant ► Confederates until the very end… § Guerilla tactics and “The South will rise again!”

Cost of the War ► Union: § 110, 000 KIA § 250, 000 Died from war effects § 275, 200 wounded ► Confederacy: § 93, 000 KIA § 167, 000 Died from war effects § 137, 000 wounded TOTAL DEAD: 625, 000* ► North Cost: $2. 3 B ($54 B) ► South Cost: $1 B ($23 B) ► South Destruction: $1. 5 B ($35 B) ► ► ► ► American Revolution: 4, 435 War of 1812: 2, 260 Mexican-American War: 13, 283 Spanish-American War: 2, 446 World War I: 116, 516 World War II: 405, 399 Korea: 36, 574 Vietnam: 58, 220 Persian Gulf War: 383 Iraq War: 4, 486 Afghanistan: 2, 145 TOTAL: 646, 147

More Civil War Facts ► More than 3, 000 Americans fight in the Civil War ► 2% of the US population will die ► Senator John Crittendon (KY) had two sons, and both became Major Generals: One for the Union and one the Confederacy ► Missouri had 39 regiments fight at Vicksburg: 17 Confederate & 22 Union