Thermochemistry Learning goal I will learn about the

Thermochemistry Learning goal: I will learn about the difference between heat, temperature, and energy

The study of heat released or required by chemical reactions Energy is the ability to do work Fuel is burnt to produce energy - combustion (e. g. when fossil fuels are burnt) CH 4(g) + 2 O 2(g) CO 2(g) + 2 H 2 O(l) + energy

What is Energy? Energy Kinetic energy (EK) Energy due to motion Potential energy (EP) Energy due to position (stored energy)

Total Energy = Kinetic Energy E = EK + + Potential Energy EP Kinetic energy & potential energy are interchangeable Ball thrown upwards slows & loses kinetic energy but gains potential energy The reverse happens as it falls back to the ground

1 st Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy the total energy of the universe is constant and can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed. The internal energy, energy U, of a sample is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of all the atoms and molecules in a sample i. e. it is the total energy of all the atoms and molecules in a sample

Systems & Surroundings In thermodynamics, the world is divided into a system and its surroundings A system is the part of the world we want to study (e. g. a reaction mixture in a flask) The surroundings consist of everything else outside the system SYSTEM OPEN ISOLATED CLOSED

OPEN SYSTEM: can exchange both matter and energy with the surroundings (e. g. open reaction flask, rocket engine) CLOSED SYSTEM: can exchange only energy with the surroundings (matter remains fixed) e. g. a sealed reaction flask ISOLATED SYSTEM: can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surroundings (e. g. a thermos flask)

HEAT and WORK HEAT is the energy that transfers from one object to another when the two things are at different temperatures and in some kind of contact e. g. kettle heats on a gas flame cup of tea cools down (loses energy as heat) Thermal motion (random molecular motion) is increased by heat energy i. e. heat stimulates thermal motion

Work is the transfer of energy that takes place when an object is moved against an opposing force i. e. a system does work when it expands against an external pressure Car engine: petrol burns & produces gases which push out pistons in the engine and transfer energy to the wheels of car • Work stimulates uniform motion • Heat and work can be considered as energy in transit

UNITS OF ENERGY S. I. unit of energy is the joule (J) Heat and work ( energy in transit) also measured in joules 1 k. J (kilojoule) = 103 J Calorie (cal): 1 cal is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 o. C 1 cal = 4. 184 J

INTERNAL ENERGY (U) Internal energy changes when energy enters or leaves a system U = Ufinal - Uinitial U change in the internal energy Heat and work are 2 equivalent ways of changing the internal energy of a system

Change in internal energy = Energy supplied to system as heat + Energy supplied to system as work U = q (heat) + w (work) q w q U w U like reserves of a bank: bank accepts deposits or withdrawals in two currencies (q & w) but stores them as common fund, U.

First Law of Thermodynamics: the internal energy of an isolated system is constant Signs (+/-) will tell you if energy is entering or leaving a system + indicates energy enters a system - indicates energy leaves a system

WORK • An important form of work is EXPANSION WORK i. e. the work done when a system changes size and pushes against an external force e. g. the work done by hot gases in an engine as they push back the pistons HEAT In a system that can’t expand, no work is done (w = 0) U = q + w when w = 0, U = q (at constant volume)

• A change in internal energy can be identified with the heat supplied at constant volume ENTHALPY (H) (comes from Greek for “heat inside”) • the change in internal energy is not equal to the heat supplied when the system is free to change its volume • some of the energy can return to the surroundings as expansion work U < q

The heat supplied is equal to the change in anothermodynamic property called enthalpy (H) i. e. H = q • this relation is only valid at constant pressure As most reactions in chemistry take place at constant pressure we can say that: A change in enthalpy = heat supplied

EXOTHERMIC & ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS Exothermic process: a change (e. g. a chemical reaction) that releases heat. A release of heat corresponds to a decrease in enthalpy Exothermic process: H < 0 (at constant pressure) Burning fossil fuels is an exothermic reaction

Endothermic process: a change (e. g. a chemical reaction) that requires (or absorbs) heat. An input of heat corresponds to an increase in enthalpy Endothermic process: H > 0 (at constant pressure) Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction (requires energy input from sun) Forming Na+ and Cl- ions from Na. Cl is an endothermic process

Measuring Heat reaction Exothermic reaction, heat given off & temperature of water rises Endothermic reaction, heat taken in & temperature of water drops

How do we relate change in temp. to the energy transferred? Heat capacity (J/o. C) = heat supplied (J) temperature (o. C) Heat Capacity = heat required to raise temp. of an object by 1 o. C • more heat is required to raise the temp. of a large sample of a substance by 1 o. C than is needed for a smaller sample

Specific heat capacity is the quantity of energy required to change the temperature of a 1 g sample of something by 1 o. C Specific Heat Capacity (Cs) = Heat capacity Mass J / o. C / g = J / o. C g Specific heat capacity of water is 4. 184 J/Cg

Vaporisation Energy has to be supplied to a liquid to enable it to overcome forces that hold molecules together • endothermic process ( H positive) Melting Energy is supplied to a solid to enable it to vibrate more vigorously until molecules can move past each other and flow as a liquid • endothermic process ( H positive) Freezing Liquid releases energy and allows molecules to settle into a lower energy state and form a solid • exothermic process ( H negative) (we remove heat from water when making ice in freezer)

Change in state

Reaction Enthalpies All chemical reactions either release or absorb heat Exothermic reactions: Reactants products + energy as heat ( H -ve) e. g. burning fossil fuels Endothermic reactions: Reactants + energy as heat e. g. photosynthesis products ( H +ve)

Temperature & Heat not same as temperature o Heat = energy transferred to one system by another due to temperature difference o Temperature = measure of heat energy content & ability to transfer heat-Use a thermometer o o Higher thermal energy, greater motion of particles Sum of individual energies of particles = total thermal energy

Calculating Heat Transfer Q = mx. Cx T Q is heat m is mass of object C is specific heat capacity T is change in temperature

Let’s do an example In your backyard, , you have a swimming pool that contains 5. 19 x 103 kg of water. How many k. J are required tto raise tthe temperature of this water from 7. 2 °C to 25. 0 °C? o