therapy GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY PRESENTED BY MANI RAFIEE Treatments

therapy GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY PRESENTED BY: MANI RAFIEE

Treatments and Therapies Biological treatments for psychological disorders 2. Psychotherapies 1.

Biological treatments for psychological disorders 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Psychosurgery ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) Pharmacotherapy (psychotropic drugs) Bio feedback Herbal therapy

Psychosurgeries �Lobotomy: Surgical operation in which white nerve fibres connecting the frontal lobe with other parts of the brain are severed. 1950’s �Cingulotomy: surgical procedure in which neurosurgeons make lesions in the cingulate gyrus, a section of the brain connecting the prefrontal cortex to the limbic system.

ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) � 1940 -60 �Todays for severe depression �two electrodes are placed on the scalp and a moderately intense electric current is passed between them for about half a second.

Pharmacotherapy (psychotropic drugs) �Anxiolytics – a treatment for anxiety disorders, Benzodiazepine (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, alprazolam) �Antidepressants –treatments for mood disorders (tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)) �Antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone) The limits of drug therapy

Psychotherapies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies Cognitive-Behavioral therapies Humanistic therapies Family, couple and group therapies Integrative and eclectic therapies Other common psychotherapies

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy �Classical psychoanalysis �Individual (Adlerian) psychotherapy �Analytical (Jungian) psychology �Object-relations therapy �Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy

Classical psychoanalysis History and key figures • Sigmund Freud • 1890 s • Studies on Hysteria • Anna O. • The Interpretation of Dreams • psychosexual phases Concepts • Oedipal desire • Libido • Defense mechanisms • Id, ego and superego • Unconscious Technics Goals and usage • Free association • Psychosexual • Dream maturity via interpretation insight • Transference • strengthening ego functions

Individual (Adlerian) psychotherapy History and key figures • After world war one • Getting separate of Freud 1912 • Emphasizes free will • Phenomenologi cal view Concepts Technics Usage and goals • Holistic concept • empathy and • Establish a • Inferiority relationships relationship feeling • Subjective and between client • Social interest objective and community • Community interview • replace selffeelings • Encouragement defeating • Life style Interpretation behaviors for • Birth order and recognition ones that will • use of role lead to a more playing, guided positive and imagery and healthy lifestyle narration and reorientation

Analytical (Jungian) psychology History and key figures Concepts • specialized in psychiatry • introduced to Froude in 1907 • the first president of the Internationa l Association of Psychoanalysis • Collective unconscious • Personal unconscious • Archetypes • Anima/Animus • persona • shadow Technics Usage and goals • Dream analysis • Individuation • Word associations test • Symbol Analysis • Active Imagination

Object-relations therapy History and key figures • Otto kernberg • Melanie Klein • Klein established her theory at 1946 • Margaret mahler • Heinz kohut • John bowlby Concepts • Internal object • Self • The Self in Relation with Others Technics Usage and goals • transference • Self maturity and countertransfer ence • interpretation of the transference

intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) History and key figures • common roots with classical psychoanalysis Concepts • Similar to classical psychoanalysis Technics Usage and goals • active advocate • Treatment of of change rather emotional than a neutral disorders observer as in • resolve anxiety, traditional depression, analysis somatization • encouragement and personality to feel disorders • challenge to take responsibility to change • confrontation of resistance to change

Cognitive-Behavioral therapies �behavioral therapy �Rational emotive behavior therapy �Cognitive therapy �Mindfullness based cognitive psychotherapy �Acceptance and commitment therapy

behavioral therapy History and key figures • Pavlov an dog experiment in 1889 • Watson and little albert • Skinner and operant conditioning Concepts • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Learning • Modeling • Reinforcement Technics • Relaxation • Systematic desensitization • Counter conditioning • Exposure Usage and goals • Treatment of phobias • behavioral modi fication

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) History and key figures • Albert Ellis in 1950’s • one of the first of the cognitive behavior therapies • development continued until his death in 2007 Concepts Technics Usage and Goals A-B-C model Activating event Belief Emotional consequences • Three insight • Cognitive restructuring • D-E-F • Disputing • Effective philosophy • Feeling • Thinking about thinking • Assignment • Bibliotherapy • Psycho education • Role playing • Treatment of self-blame , self -pity, clinical anger, hurt, guilt, shame, depressi on and anxiety • Replacing rational cognitions with dysfunctional cognitions. • •

Cognitive therapy (CT) History and key figures • Aaron T. Beck • Beck outlined his approach in Depression: Causes and Treatment in 1967 • 1970 s saw a general "cognitive revolution" in psychology Concepts • automatic thoughts • Cognitive distortions • Magnification and minimization • Personalization • Labeling and mislabeling • … Technics • Socratic questioning • Challenging maladaptive core belief Usage and goals • change the way clients think • schema restructuring • Treatment of depression and many other disorders with strong experimental bases

Mindfullness based cognitive psychotherapy (MBCT) History and key figures • Base on Buddhism philosophy • It uses CBT methods • Barnard and Teasdale’s 1991 • Zindel Segal and Mark Williams, make mindfulnessbased stress reduction program Concepts • Metacognitive awareness • judgment • acceptance Technics • Meditation • mind management skills • being aware moment-tomoment Usage and goals • preventing the relapse of MDD • accepting and observing themselves without judgment • teach the participants to focus less on reacting to incoming events

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) History and key figures • Mixture of acceptance and mindfullness with commitment and behaviorchange strategies • developed in the late 1980 s by Steven C. Hayes, Kelly G. Wilson, and Kirk Strosahl Concepts • Acceptance • Values • Cognitive diffusion • self-as-context Technics Usage and goals • Contact with the • increase present moment psychological • Observing the flexibility self • be present with • Committed what life brings actions us • finding values • help the individual clarify their personal values and to take action on them

Humanistic therapies �Existential psychotherapy �Logo therapy �Gestalt psychotherapy �person center psychotherapy �Reality therapy

Existential psychotherapy History and key figures • A Philosophical /Intellectual Approach to Therapy • Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Husserl, Buber, Tillich, Heidegger • Ervin yalom • Rollo May • Phenomenologi cal view Concepts • • • Free will Responsibility Death anxiety Loneliness Choice Meaning of life Technics Usage and goals • person-to • Taking person individual’s relationship responsibility to • Respect and make his or her faith in the life meaningfu clients’ potential • Sharing reaction

Logo therapy History and key figures Concepts • Viktor Frankl • Logo • experience of • Despair being in • maturity concentration was basis for his theory • Man’s Search for Meaning Technics • Dereflection • Humor • Paradoxical intention • Socratic dialogue Usage and goals • Finding meaning of life and change philosophical view to world, self and others • Helping Terminally-ill patients

Gestalt psychotherapy History and key figures Concepts Technics Usage and goals • Grounded in existentialism and phenomenologi cal philosophy • Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940 s and 1950 s • Holism • Field theory • Organismic selfregulation • Figure Formation Process • The empty chair technique • Empathy • Focusing on Nonverbal • Role-playing • Group Work • Experiments • self-regulating • Living in present moment • Awareness • Accept feelings

Person-center psychotherapy History and key figures Concepts Technics • Carl Rogers • 1950 s - Client - Centered • 1980 s to 1990 s - Person. Centered • Based on Maslow and existential approach • Actualizing tendency • Need for positive regard • Choice and free will • Selfdetermination • Nondirective Counseling • Unconditional positive regard • Congruence • Accurate empathic understanding Usage and goals • self-directed growth • Use in counseling

Reality therapy History and key figures • William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding • Developed in the 1950 s and 1960 s Concepts • • • Choice theory Belonging Power Freedom Fun Survival Technics Usage and Goals • Counseling • Help people environment find better ways • Specific to meet their procedures that needs for lead to behavior survival, love change and belonging, power, freedom and fun • Assist clients gain personal growth, enhanced lifestyle and better decision making

Family, couple and group therapies �Group therapies �Couple therapy �Systematic family therapy �Genogram �Relation base family therapy �Strategic family therapy

Integrative and eclectic therapies �What is the difference between integrative and eclectic therapies? �Some example of integrative therapies: Ø Ø Ø Existential-cognitive therapy Daseinsanalysis Cognitive-hypnotherapy humanistic-experiential psychotherapy Cognitive-analytic therapy

Other common psychotherapies � Feministic psychotherapy � Post modern psychotherapy � Narrative psychotherapy � Transactional analysis � Hypnotherapy � Psychoeducation � Art therapies � 12 step programs � Positive psychotherapy � DBT (Dialectical behavior therapy) � EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) � EFT (Emotionally focused therapy )

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