THEORY What is theory a set of interrelated

THEORY

What is theory? “… a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relationships among variables in order to explain and predict the events or the situations. ” § (Glanz, Rimer, and Lewis, p. 25)

Theory “Effective health promotion and education depends on practitioners’ marshaling the most appropriate theory and practice strategies for a given situation. ” “The gift of theory is that it provides conceptual underpinnings for well-crafted research and practice. ” (Glanz, Rimer, & Lewis, pp. 3031)

Theory Generality Testability Shape and boundaries, but not specific topic or content

Theories are used to … Guide the search for why people behave in certain ways Help pinpoint information needed before developing and organizing an intervention program Provide insight as to how to shape strategies to reach people Help identify what should be monitored, measured, and compared

Concepts & Constructs Concepts: Major components of theory Constructs: Concepts that have been developed and defined for use in a particular theory

Variables The measurable forms of constructs Variables are a measure of a specific construct in a specific situation.

Models “… draw upon a number of theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context. ” § (Glanz, Rimer, & Lewis, pp. 27)

Putting it together A personal belief is a CONCEPT that has been shown to relate to various health behaviors. Using a THEORY that includes the concept of personal beliefs helps explain why young men don’t think they will ever get testicular cancer.

More theory “Habit is habit, and not to be flung out of the window, but coaxed downstairs a step at a time. ” § Mark Twain

Planning Models Like a road map Present all possible routes you might take to develop, implement, and evaluate a program.

Planning Models PRECEDE/PROCEED MATCH CDCynergy

PRECEDE/PROCEED Model

Behavior Change Theories The specific route(s) you will take to reach your destination – they suggest a road to follow.

Theories and Levels of Influence Behavior is very complex Influenced and supported in multiple ways

The Ecological Model Emphasizes the links and relationships among multiple factors (or determinants) affecting health

Ecological Model Public Policy Community Institutional or Organizational Interpersonal Individual

Individual / Intrapersonal factors Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs (KAB) Skills Motivation Self-concept Age, gender, genetics

Interpersonal factors Social support / social networks Social norms, cultural environment Religious affiliation Access to social and health services

Institutional or organization factors Educational system Access to health care Social Interactions

Community factors Living and working conditions Public safety Local public health Housing Economic development Environment

Public Policy Factors Federal, State & Local Policy and Law Zoning Taxes Public Health System Educational System

Behavior change theories with individual focus The Health Belief Model (HBM) The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Health Belief Model (HBM) Developed in the early 1950’s by social psychologists in the U. S. Public Health Service. Hochbaum & Rosenstock TB screening

Constructs of HBM Perceived threat Perceived Beliefs about one’s chances of getting a condition Perceived Beliefs susceptibility severity about how serious the condition might be

Constructs of HBM Outcome Expectations Perceived Benefits Beliefs that the advised action will reduce risk or seriousness of the condition. Perceived Beliefs risks/barriers about the “costs” of taking the advised action

Constructs of HBM Cues to Action Strategies to activate one’s “readiness” Self-Efficacy Confidence in one’s ability to take action

Health Belief Model Modifying Factors: age, race, ethnicity, SES, personality Perceived Susceptibility & Perceived Seriousness Perceived Threat Cues to Action Outcome Expectations: Perceived Benefits vs. Perceived Risks/Barriers Likelihood of taking recommended action Self-efficacy

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Constructs: Attitude toward the behavior Beliefs about the behavior Evaluation of behavioral outcomes Subjective What norms others think about your behavior How motivated you are to comply with the expectations of others

TRA Cont. Beliefs and Subjective Norms help predict Intentions Your Intentions predict your actual Behavior

TRA Attitude toward behavior Subjective Norm Intention Behavior

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Developed by Fishbein & Ajzen An extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

TPB versus TRA Adds the construct: Perceived Behavioral Control Belief about personal control in combination with belief about the one’s ability to do what needs to be done. Actual Behavioral Control: have the skills and resources needed to quit.

TPB Cont. People will perform a behavior if: They believe the advantages of success outweigh the disadvantages of failure. They believe that other people with whom they are motivated to comply, think they should perform the behavior. They have sufficient control over the factors that influence success or ability to perform the behavior.

TPB Attitude toward the behavior Intention Behavior Subjective Norm Perceived Behavioral Control Actual Behavioral Control

Transtheoretical Model (TTM) AKA: Stages of Change Developed by Prochaska & Di. Clemente Major Constructs: Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Decisional Balance Self-Efficacy

Precontemplation “The car is still in the garage!” Not thinking about changing behavior in the next six months. May be unaware of risks or problems. Needs some work “under the hood. ”

Contemplation “The engine is started, but we’re not quite in gear!” Seriously thinking about making a behavior change, but have not yet made a commitment to action

Preparation “We’re in gear and ready for short trips. ” Ready to take action in the very near future (next 30 days) Have a plan of action Experimenting with new behaviors

Action “We’re on the road on a regular basis. ” Actively engaged in new behavior(s) for less than six months. Efforts are sufficient to reduce risk of disease

Maintenance “We’re on cruise control. ” Sustaining the behavior change for over 6 months.

Decisional Balance The costs and benefits of changing.

Self-Efficacy Confidence that one can be successful in the new behavior across different challenging situations.

Relapse More likely when you are stressed, anxious, or feeling depressed. More likely if you lack social support or are experiencing interpersonal conflicts More likely if you return to a setting (environment) that “cues” your old behavior(s)

Strategies/process to get from one stage to the next. Precontemplation to Contemplation Awareness New information Persuasive communications Experiences

Strategies Contemplation to Preparation Knowledge acquisition Information Persuasive communications Experiences

Strategies Preparation to Action Deciding How-to information Skill development Attitude change

Strategies Action to Maintenance Skills Reinforcement Support Self-Management Attitude and attribution change

Strategies Maintenance Continuation Relapse prevention skills Self-Management Social and environmental support

Precontemplation Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Decisional Balance Contemplation Decisional Balance Preparation acy c i f Ef f. Sel Action Maintenance acy Sel fic f-Ef

Pro’s of TTM Encourages less “labeling” terms. (Precontemplation rather than “loser” or “lost cause”) Must accept people “where they are” Behavior change is not viewed as linear It is easy to stage clients It is not based on an instant gratification mentality Allows for stage-matched interventions

Adapted from: Autobiography in Five Short Chapters by Portia Nelson I I walk down the street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I fall in I am lost … I am helpless It takes forever to find a way out.

II I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I pretend I don’t see it. I fall in again. I can’t believe I am in the same place. It still takes a long time to get out.

III I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I see it is there. I still fall in … it’s a habit. My eyes are open. I know where I am. I get out immediately.

IV I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I walk around it. V I walk down another street.

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) A behavior change theory with an Interpersonal / Social network focus.

Reciprocal Determinism Characteristics of the Person Environment in which the behavior is performed Behavior of the person

Constructs of SCT Behavior Capacity Self-Efficacy Expectations Reinforcement Expectancies Self-Control / Self. Regulation Observational Learning Emotional Coping Responses

Principles of Modeling Attention Remembering Model Similarity Age Gender Repetition Motivation Status Competence

Reinforcement Any action or event that increases the desired behavior Present something positive Money New clothes Remove something negative Nagging Teasing

Punishment Any action or event that decreases the likelihood that the desired behavior will occur. Present something negative Criticize Policies Remove or laws something positive Praise Privilege

Political Population Level Community Organizational/Institutional Framework: Social Networks Interpersonalof Health Social Determinants Individual Ecological Model

Diffusion of Innovations Theory Rogers, 1983 A behavior change theory with a community focus

Diffusion of Innovations The progressive adoption by members of a community or society of an idea or practice over time.

Categories of Adopters Innovators (<3%) Independent, risk-takers, eager to try new ideas Not necessarily the most respected members of the community Seek info on their own, rely on their own judgment in making decisions about adoption Try out new ideas and provide the first tests of the utility of the innovation

Categories of Adopters Early Adopters (14%) Respected members of the community Opinion leaders Powerful influence on other potential adopters Trendy … like to be up on what is good and new Seen as opinion leaders

Categories of Adopters Early Majority (34%) Greatly influenced by mass media and opinion leaders By virtue of their numbers, they begin to form a new norm Lots of contact with peers, but don’t hold leadership positions.

Categories of Adopters Late Majority (34%) Skeptical of change Tend to wait until an innovation is established as a norm before adopting Motivation Don’t is greatly influenced by peers like risk and uncertainty

Categories of Adopters Laggards (16%) Very Tend traditional and conservative to have less education and lower SES Socially Narrow and geographically mobile and restricted communication networks Suspicious of innovations and adverse to risk

Adoption Curve

Determinants of Diffusion’s Speed and Extent Is the innovation better than what it will replace? Does the innovation fit with the intended audience? Is the innovation easy to use? Can the innovation be tried out before adopting? Are the results of the innovation observable and

A few more pieces Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Factors Barriers to change PRECEDE/PROCEED phase behavioral diagnosis

Predisposing Factors Provide the rationale or motivation for a person or group to act KAB (knowledge, attitudes, beliefs) Personal preferences Existing skills Self-efficacy beliefs Individual level theories Intrapersonal these factors. are most appropriate for addressing

Reinforcing Factors that provide reinforcement and reward for actions and encourage repetition of the action Social support Peer influence Significant others (family, spouse, partner) Employers, teachers, health providers, community leaders, decision-makers

Reinforcing Factors Continued Interpersonal level theories are most appropriate in addressing these factors Interpersonal level theories suggest communication channels (e. g. significant others or social networks) and methods (e. g. incentives or social supports).

Enabling Factors that provide the means or make the action possible. Availability of programs or services or skills training Accessibility training of programs or services or skills

Activity Pick a theory (Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, Transtheoretical Model, Social Cognitive Theory OR Diffusion of Innovation Theory) Map out the constructs of theory Where do these constructs fit into the Ecological Model? Give a brief (at least one sentence) explanation of each construct Provide examples for each construct that relates to your topic List as many predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors as you can think of for the topic. Keep this model for the next class.