Theory of Evolution EVOLUTION change over time the
- Slides: 70
Theory of Evolution
EVOLUTION: change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms THEORY: a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world FOSSIL: the preserved remains of ancient organisms
What is biodiversity? Where did all these different organisms come from? How are they related?
The person who contributed the most to our understanding of evolution was Charles Darwin ___________ In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of Beagle as a naturalist for the H. M. S. ________ 5 year voyage around the world. a ____
During his travels, Darwin wrote thousands of pages in his journals, drew pictures of the things he saw, and collected a vast amount of evidence that led him to propose a _______ revolutionary hypothesis about the way ____________ life changes _______.
While on his voyage around the world aboard H. M. S. Beagle Charles Darwin spent the ______, about one month observing life on the ________. Galápagos Islands There, he encountered some unique animals, tortoises such as finches ______ and ____.
The Galάpagos Islands are close together but have climates very different _______. Some were hot and dry, with little vegetation. Others had more rainfall and were rich in vegetation Each island had unique its own _______ assortment of ______ plant and animal species.
Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands Pinta Island Tower Marchena Intermediate shell Fernandina James Santa Cruz Isabela Santa Fe Hood Island Floreana Hood Isabela Island Dome-shaped shell …while on the lush rainforest of Isabela Island, tortoises had short necks… Saddle-backed shell
Darwin began to wonder if animals living on different islands had once been members of the same species that had developed _____ different ______ characteristics after becoming isolated _______ from one another in different habitats.
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: James Hutton In 1785 _______ proposes that the EARTH was _______ shaped by _________ geological forces occurring over very long periods of _____ time, and is millions of years old. ________
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Charles Lyell In 1833 _______ explains that the geological now processes still occurring _______ have shaped Earth’s features over _________. long periods of time
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: SINCE THEN Theory of Pangaea and continental drift
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Georges Cuvier developed French naturalist ________ his theory of catastrophes. He studied fossils and found that animal and plant species are destroyed time and again by deluges and other natural cataclysms. After each time and only after, new species evolved.
What is competition? Living things must compete for food, shelter, space, mates
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Thomas Malthus (1798) ___________ He observed that babies were being born faster than people were dying. He reasoned that if the human population continued to grow, sooner or later there would be ____________. insufficient space & food
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809) ______________ was one of first scientists to recognize living things changed over time and that ________ descended from all species were ____ other species. Lamarck published his hypothesis of Inheritance of Acquired traits ____________ the year Darwin was born.
The male fiddler crab uses its front claw to _____mates and fight attract predators off _______. repeated use, the front claw Through _____ becomes ____. larger The fiddler passes on this _____ acquired characteristic to its offspring
What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck didn’t know about genes and how traits are inherited ______. If you lifted weights your whole young adult life, and then you had children, would your kids be more muscular? NOT be _____ ACQUIRED traits can ____ PASSED ON to their NO! ____ offspring.
What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck was first to develop a scientific hypothesis about evolution and recognize that _____ organisms are adapted to their environments ____________.
Match the letter of the idea with the man or men who proposed it: Malthus Hutton Lyell a. b. c. d. Lamarck The earth is really old, and slowly changes Living things pass acquired changes on to their offspring Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources, and pass those changes on to their offspring
c. Malthus Hutton a. Lamarck Lyell b. d. a. b. c. d. The earth is really old, and slowly changes Living things pass acquired changes on to their offspring Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources, and pass those changes on to their offspring
Evidence of Evolution includes The fossil record Geographic distribution of living species Homologous body structures Similarities in early development which is composed of which indicates which implies Physical remains of organisms Common ancestral species Similar genes
After Darwin returned to England in 1836 he filled notebooks with his ideas species diversity and the process about _______ evolution that he would later call _______. He did not rush to publish his ideas disagreed with the because they ____ beliefs of his fundamental scientific ______ day. He asked his wife to publish his ideas when he died ___.
In 1858 another naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace wrote an _________, Malaysia that essay describing his work in _______ summarized the same ideas Darwin _____ had been thinking about for 25 years! http: //www. thesecondevolution. com/wallace&darwin. jpg
Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work! In 1859 On the Origin of Species __________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ____ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION _________ http: //www. loc. gov/exhibits/world/images/s 125. jpg
Isn’t evolution just a theory? well-supported testable A theory is a ______, _______, explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world, like theoryattraction of gravitational _________, cell theory atomic theory and _______.
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? GENETIC VARIATIONis found _________ naturally in all populations
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE ___________ means that members of each species must COMPETE ____ for food, space, and other RESOURCES _____.
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Some organisms in a ____ population less likely to survive. are ____
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST ___________ organisms which are better adapted survive and to the environment will ______ reproduce passing on their _____. genes ____,
VOCAB Ability of an individual to survive ______ and reproduce in its specific ______ environment = fitness ______
VOCAB inherited characteristic that Any __________ of survival increases an organism’s chance _______ ADAPTATION = _______
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Over time, natural selection CHANGES in the results in ____ inherited characteristics of a POPULATION _____. increase a These changes ______ species’ fitness _____ in its environment.
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION ______________ suggests that each species has DESCENDED with ____, CHANGES ______, from other species over time. This idea suggests that all living TO EACH OTHER species are RELATED __________, and that all species, living and extinct, COMMON ANCESTOR share a _________.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: Artificial selection 1. ________ 2. ________ Fossil record Geographic Distribution 3. ________ Homologous structures 4. ________ 5. ________ Embryology DNA 6. ________ See Natural selection happen 7. ________
• ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS NATURE • In artificial selection, ______ • provides the _____ through variation • _____ and _________ mutation sexual reproduction humans select • and _______ those traits that they find ______. useful EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc.
Breeds of Dogs Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico by Mayans, had religious significance Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A. D to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk Dachshund – bred in Germany as early as the 15 th century to hunt badgers
How Do We Know Evolution Happens? 2. The Fossil Record – Fossils ______ are theremains ____________ of ancient organisms found in layers of rock in the Earth.
How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The layers of rock tell the history of the Earth fossils _____, while the _____ found within the rock tell a history life of ___. The fossils are thought to be thesame ____ age as the rock they are found in.
TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND
Fossil record shows change over time
If Darwin’s theory is supported you would expect to find closely ______ related yet ________ different species living in a _____ geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve. That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
• THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands. = DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION
• GALAPAGOS FINCHES The _____ beaks of Galapagos finches have foods. adapted ______ to eating a variety _____ of _____
If Darwin’s theory is supported you would species also expect to find different ________ living in far ____ apart geographic regions but similar habitats becoming more ____ alike similar ecosystems as they adapt to _______. That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
Whales and sharks have a _____ similar body design different organisms even though they are very _______ (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have _________ independently adapted to living in a _____ similar environment. = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution Conclusion: The pressure of the environment drives evolution Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act more like them = convergent evolution
Structures 4. HOMOLOGOUS ___________ They are parts of the body that are similar in structure to other species' comparative parts.
4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures, like the limbs of different vertebrates, look very _______, but are made from the _____, same bones because they are made from the same clump of _______ cells undifferentiated in the embryo _______.
4. Homologous Body Structures – body structures Some homologous ____________ are vestigial _______ and have no useful function even though they are still present, likehipbones ____in whales and boa constrictors, or atail ____ and ________in humans. cecum (appendix)
Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria cecum to digest plants called a _____. In humans the cecum is shrunken and unused. appendix It is our _____
Why grow a tail and then lose it? HUMAN EMBRYO _________ has a tail at 4 weeks _________ Tail disappears at _________ about 8 weeks
Skinks are a type of lizard. In some species, legs have become so small they no longer _______ function ______ in walking. Why would an organism possess organs with ___ little or no function ________? One explanation: code is present to make the organ, but The gene ____ function has been lost through _______. change over time _________ If the organ is not vital to survival, then natural selection would not cause its elimination.
5. Similarities ___________ in Embryology ____ Embryos of many animals with back bones are very similar.
It is clear that the same groups of undifferentiated _______ cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, suggesting that they allevolved _______ from a ________. common ancestor
Similarities in DNA 6. ________ Similarities DNA and in ____ PROTEIN ____ sequences suggest relatedness
Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes karyotypes suggest an Similar _____ evolutionary relationship __________.
PATTERN MATCHES 1. BANDING ____________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes apes have that we don’t, and place them banding end to end, the ___________ pattern is identical to the we #2 human chromosome __ have that they don’t ________.
IN MIDDLE 2. TELOMERES __________ Chromosomes have special sequences called telomeres _______ at their ends to protect the strands during replication.
2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE Telomere sequences are the ends and found at _____ ALSO IN THE MIDDLE ___________ of human chromosome #2 suggesting it was made by fusing _____ two other chromosomes together. → → →
EXTRA CENTROMERE 3. _________ Chromosome #2 has a INACTIVE second _____ CENTROMERE region _______ →
Did you ever wonder why dogs and cats don’t need to eatfresh ____, fruit but DO YOU _______?
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own VITAMIN C but humans need to eat _____, fresh fruit or they end up with ____. SCURVY
Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make NONFUNCTIONAL vitamin C, but it is ________. Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own PRIMATES… Vitamin C? which includes chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and other apes.
Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________. PSEUDOGENES EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are nonfunctional ______.
Why does evolution matter now? Can see Natural selection happen 7. ______________ EX: Peppered Moths Typica Carbonaria There is a natural variation in populations of peppered moths. Typica form - lighter ________ Carbonaria form - darke ________ ___
colored form was the predominant The light ______ form in England prior to the Industrial Revolution _______________. darker Around the middle of the 19 th century the ______ form began to appear. It was first reported dark in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths in Manchester were the ____ variety. In recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels and Clean Air regulations has reduced the lighter pollution there and the ______ colored moths have increased in numbers.
Can see Natural selection happen 7. ______________ EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new _____. diseases Bird flu _______ HIV ___ Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis _____________
• Natural Selection: – Process by which species adapt to their environment • Genetic Drift: – Mechanism for evolution – Change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population – Entirely random process (unlike natural selection) • It doesn't work to produce adaptations
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