THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Socialization Socialization The process of

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Socialization

Socialization • The process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society.

Clean Slate • John Locke-born a tabula rasa (clean slate) • We are born w/out a personality • You can shape a newborn infant into whatever type of person you want

Socialization into the Self and Mind • How do you develop your SELF? • Unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves “from outside”

The Looking Glass (life long process) • Charles Cooley • Sense of self develops from interaction w/others • Looking Glass Self-process of developing the image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others

The Looking Glass (life long process) • 3 Step Process • Imagine how we appear to others • Determine whether others view us as we view ourselves • Perception how others judge us

Mead and Role Taking • George Mead • We learn to take the role of the other • Role-taking-allows us to anticipate what others expect of us • Children must develop the necessary skills through social interaction

3 Stages of Learning • Imitation • Children under 3 mimic others. Do not have sense of self • Play • Ages 3 -6 • Pretend to take roles of specific people. • Games • Early School Years • Organized play or team games

Jean Piaget and the Development of Reasoning • Children go through a natural process of reasoning • How do we learn to Reason? • Sensorimotor Stage • Preoperational Stage • Concrete Operational Stage • Formal Operational Stage

Sigmund Freud • Personality came from 3 elements • Each child is born with an id • Pleasure seeking, self-gratification, demands attention To satisfy others needs, the ego develops Balances the force between the id and the demands of society that suppress it. Superego balances id and ego--conscience

Freud • Psychoanalysis-treatment of emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind

Lawerence Kohlberg’s Theory • Through a sequence of stages we develop morality. • Amoral Stage-no right or wrong • Preconventional Stage-7 -10, learned rules and stay out of trouble • Conventional Stage-Age 10 -follow norms and values they learned • Postconventional Stage-People reflect on abstract principles of right and wrong (MOST PEOPLE DO NOT REACH THIS STAGE)

Agents of Socialization • The specific individuals, groups, and institutions that provide the situations in which socialization can occur • • Family Neighborhood Religion Day Care School Peer Groups Workplace Media

Socialization into Gender • Learning society’s “gender map” the paths in life set up for us because we are male or female • Gender Socialization • Family • Peers • Mass media

The Family • Most important agent • Loving family makes happy well-adjusted child • Parental attention is very important • Bonding and encouragement • Household environment • Stimulates development • Social position • Race, religion, ethnicity, class © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neighborhood • Some neighborhoods are better than others for children • Children form poor neighborhoods are more likely to get in trough w/the law, become pregnant, drop out, and have mental health problems • More affluent neighborhoods keep a closer eye on the children • Affluent neighborhoods have fewer transition families

Peer Groups • Developing sense of self that goes beyond the family • Either “conform or rejection” • Young and old attitudes and the “generation gap” • Peers often govern short-term goals while parents influence long-term plans. • Anticipatory socialization • Practice working toward gaining desired positions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The School • Experience diversity • Racial and gender clustering • Hidden curriculum • Informal, covert lessons • First bureaucracy • Rules and schedule • Gender socialization begins • From grade school through college, gender-linked activities are encountered © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Mass Media • Televisions in the United States • 98% of households have at least one TV. • Two-thirds of households have cable or satellite • Hours of viewing television • Average household = 7 hours per day • Almost half of individuals’ free time • Children average 5 ½ hours per day • Television, videotapes, video games © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Criticisms About Programming • Violence in mass media • Survey: 2/3 of TV contains violence; characters show no remorse & not punished • In 1997, the television industry adopted a rating system © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.