Theories of Counseling Cognitive Behavior Therapy This multimedia

Theories of Counseling: Cognitive Behavior Therapy “This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: v any public performance or display, including transmission of an image over a network; v preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; v any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ” v Power. Point produced by Melinda Haley, M. S. , New Mexico State University. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Basic Tenets v The main theories are Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Modification. v The way individuals structure and interpret experiences, determines their moods and behaviors. v Changing conceptualizations lies at the heart of cognitive behavioral therapy. v Combines both cognitive and behavioral approaches. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy What do I think Basic Tenets v Cognitive therapy rests upon the belief that what one thinks determines how one feels. v The therapist is supportive and empathic and uses experiments and empirical processes along with a collaborative alliance with the client, to explore thinking and alternatives. v Cognitive therapy has been used with a variety of disorders and problems (e. g. anxiety, phobias, depression). “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Theory of Personality v Personality includes both genetic endowment and social influence. v It reflects the individual’s cognitive organization and structure. v Emotions and behaviors are based on perceptions, interpretations, and assumptions. v Schemas have an important impact on how one operates cognitively. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Theory of Personality v Schemas: A person’s core beliefs and basic assumptions. v Schemas can either be functional or dysfunctional and more than one schema can compete with another. v Cognitive Vulnerability: When a person’s beliefs and assumptions predispose him or her to psychological distress. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Nature of Maladjustment. v Maladjustment stems from irrational beliefs and distorted cognitions. v Maladaptive cognitions come from: v v v Selective attention Misperception Maladaptive focusing Maladaptive self-arousal Repertory deficiencies “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Nature of Maladjustment. v Maladaptive cognitions lead to maladaptive, self-defeating behaviors. v Adaptive, self-enhancing behaviors come from a client’s self-enhancing thoughts and this can be taught. v Clients can be taught to shift from self-defeating thoughts to selfenhancing thoughts. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy The Counseling Process v Cognitive therapy and cognitive behavior modification uses a variety of techniques or procedures to assist clients in changing negative, self defeating responses. v The therapist might range from directive to unconditionally accepting, from scientific to empathic, from systemic to open or from suggestive to instructive. v It is highly eclectic and utilizes resources and techniques that fit with the client’s thought processes. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy The Counseling Process v Both cognitive and behavioral strategies might be used. v Client and therapist work together: Ø Ø to help the client gain cognitive and behavioral control over his or her problem. to look at different ways of behaving. Ø to analyze thoughts and emotions. Ø to practice new cognitive and behavioral patterns. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Strategies for Helping Clients Beck’s cognitive psychotherapy v The goals are to correct faulty information processing and help clients modify their assumptions that maintain their maladaptive behaviors and emotions. Ø Collaborative Empiricism: Therapist and client are coinvestigators. Ø Guided Discovery: Guided by therapist, the client engages in experiments that result in more adaptive ways of thinking. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Strategies for Helping Clients Relaxation Training and Relaxation Therapy v A person cannot be in a state of complete physical relaxation while at the same time be emotionally anxious. v Works well for stress, anxiety, physiological problems, workplace pressures, and coping with modern lifestyles. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Strategies for Helping Clients Mental and Emotive Imagery v Mental Imagery is a process through which a person focuses on vivid mental pictures of experiences or events—past, present or future. v Emotive Imagery: It is a procedure where the client imagines the emotional sensations and feelings of an actual situation or behavior. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Strategies for Helping Clients v Cognitive Modeling: Identification of what maladaptive or bad thoughts or emotions the client wishes to be rid of and then therapist models with self-talk that the client will incorporate. v Covert Modeling: A client imagines engaging in the desired behaviors he or she wants to learn or adopt. v Thought Stopping: Interruption of unwanted thoughts when they occur by shouting “stop” whenever the unwanted thought pops into consciousness. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Strategies for Helping Clients v Cognitive Restructuring: Replacement of negative, maladaptive thoughts with positive, adaptive ones. v Reframing: To modify or restructure a person’s view or perception regarding a problem or behavior. v Stress Inoculation: A process of teaching clients both cognitive and physical skills for autonomously coping with future stressful and distressing situations. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Strategies for Helping Clients v Meditation and Relaxation: Helps the client concentrate on some internal or external stimulus that serves to focus the client’s attention away from aversive stimuli. v Biofeedback: Uses technology to communicate to a client what his or her own body is doing and then allows that person to use mental processes to control bodily functions. v Neurolinguistic programming: Using the client’s sensory language to fully experience the client’s inner world (e. g. I see that (visual); I feel that (kinesthetic) ; I hear that auditory). “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Strategies for Helping Clients v Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR): Ø Used primarily to treat traumatic memories. Ø The client imagines the scene, is aware of the negative statement regarding that scene (along with noxious feelings), and then follows therapist’s finger with his or her eyes. Ø Then the client erases the image from his or her mind. Ø This is continued over a series of steps until hopefully the painful image and noxious feelings and memories are removed. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Advantages of Cognitive Behavior Therapy v It has established human thought processes as data or events that can be studied. v It validated a number of relaxation techniques. v It has enhanced the rational therapies such as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. v Uses the systematic scientist-practitioner model. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Disadvantages of Cognitive Behavior Therapy v It has been harshly judged by feminists, multiculturalists and ecologists because it mirrors masculine and Euro-American worldviews and does not adequately take culture into consideration. v It requires a lot of training and skill. v The therapist needs to not only understand cognitive techniques but also have a vast understanding of behavioral and learning theories. v The therapist needs to have strong discipline and there is less tolerance for error. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Diverse Populations v It matches problems to treatments without regard for race or cultural considerations. v It can be used effectively if culture and the client’s worldview is take into consideration. v Therapy is a collaboration and depends upon trust between counselor and client and this can work well with culturally diverse clients. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Resources Ivey, A. E. , D’Andrea, M. , Ivey, M. B. and Morgan, L. S. (2002). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A multicultural perspective, 5 th ed. Boston, MA. : Allyn & Bacon. James, R. K. & Gilliland, B. E. (2003). Theories and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy, 5 th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Kottler, J. A. (2002). Theories in counseling and therapy: An experiential approach. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”