Theoretical Victimology by Prof Dr Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff

Theoretical Victimology by Prof. Dr. Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff

Victimology as a Science n Victimology as word: – Victima – Logos 03/12/2020 Latin, the victim body of theoretical knowledge, teaching Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 2

Victimology A theoretical body of knowledge n This is not n – practical victim assistance – a political movement – creation of social programs – victim related legislation – Practical application of victimologiocal knowledge 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 3

Basic Structure of Victimology n Dealing with – Victims – Victimizations – Reactions to both, » To victims » To victimizations 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 4

Who is the. VICTIM? n Answer 1: – Victims of crime » Hans von Hentig » Stephen Schafer » Ezzat Fattah – Result: » special victimology » penal victimology n 03/12/2020 superfluous endeavor! Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 5

Who is the VICTIM n Answer 2: – Victims of everything – Benjamin Mendelsohn Result: General Victimology To overcrowded and therefore empty 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 6

Who is the VICTIM n Answer 3: – Menmade victims – Zvonimir Paul Separovic – Elias Neumann – Robert Elias – Gerd F. Kirchhoff 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 7

victimologia - Victimologia victimologia = science of the crime victims n Victimologia – toda victima social n – Poverty – Marginalization – Creation of masses excluded from decent living – Excluded from hospitals, schools, labor market – Victims of globalization 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 8

Elias Neuman I n Victimologia – el rol de la victima en los delitos convencionales y no convencionales – – – – 2 nd ed. 1994 The poor, the marginalized, The socially submerged Victims of political systems and ideologies Victims of religions Victims of the justice system Victims of slavery and inhuman labor conditions 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 9

Elias Neuman II 1994 n Victimology is an autonomous science if it looks at all the – victims of abuse of power, » national or supranational, – Victims of all oppression and terrorism in a society, » » » n n as individuals, groups or All people in a country. Answer 4: Victims of Human Rights Violations 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 10

Robert Elias n n Criminal victimization Social sources of victimization Governmental sources of victimization Framework of Human Rights – – Critical of traditional victimology: Law and order lobby has coopted victim assistance Victims have gained far less than promised Consumer frauds, poluution, unnecessarý drugs and surgery, food additives, discrimination, poverty, exploitation and war 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 11

Answer 5: Victims of disaster and climate change n Victimology includes victims of disaster and natural catastrophes including climate change – Newest Development since 10 years, mainly – Dussich Fachry, Mundy, Susetyo – Local: geographic situation in danger zone – Relationship to the newest UN discussions that look at global sources of Human (In-) Security » Social Consequences of Human Omissions to Secure Safe Life” - more publications needed 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 12

Towards „Interim“ Consensus 1985 Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power n One of the most important achievements of „victimology“ n Deals with crime victims and with victims of „Abuse of Power“ n Attempts to create a Victim Convention n Self Awareness of WSV „You are not alone“ n 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 13

Victimology defines n Who is the victim? – Important if you have special legislation which gives victims some benefits n Schneider: When threatened by a criminal act, the victim may be – A person – An organization – The moral order – The legal system 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 14

Victims n n Only humans? No (Wolfgangs first order victims) Organizations (Wolfgang´s second order victims) – – – n Private companies, unicorporated associations, Trade unions Government bodies State (Wolfgang´s third order victims) – Tax fraud, espionage n International order – Crimes against humanity – The Tribunal in the Hague 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 15

Victimology measures Entrance gate for the Methods of Empirical Research n Problems of measuring victimization n 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 16

Victimology measures Victimizations: the experience of being a victim n Three dimensions of damage n Victim Surveys n Who, what, when, which consequences How many victims are out there. . n Is the risk of victimization evenly distributed » » n Over time Over area Over sex Over age What goes together with victimization? – Social correlates of victimization 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 17

Victimology measures Victimizations n the experience of being a victim n Victim Surveys » See special presentation in this course n n Who, what, when, which consequences How many viuctims are out there. . Is the risk of victimization evenly distributed » » n Over time Over area Over sex Over age What goes together with victimization? – Social correlates of 2011 victimization Jakarta - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 03/12/2020 18

Victimology scientific definition, description, measurement, anylyses of patterns, of regularities, of associative and maybe causal relationships and probabilities and their interpretation.

Reactions n Victimology looks at reactions towards victimization -central topic in this field. Social sciences work on different levels of analysis – Situational level – Institutional level – Macro-level 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 20

Reactions n Reactions of the victim – Primary victimization n Reactions of the social auditorium – Secondary victimization n Reactions permanently patterned – Social structures: structural victimization 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 21

Reactions n It is proven that worldwide women especially are victimized by those men who have control over them and that authorities either cause or tolerate these abuses – – – Domestic violence Women in custody Systematic rapes in wars and in civil unrest Quoted from ai: Broken Bodies, Shattered Minds-Torture and Ill Treatment of Women, 2 March 2001 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 22

Victim´s Informal Reactions Crisis n Crisis Reactions n Crisis Intervention n – Entrance door for the whole system of victim treatment: » Counseling » Crisis Intervention 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 23

Formal Reactions n Victim Assistance Services Criminal Justice System n Restorative Justice n Transitional Justice n 03/12/2020 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff 24