Theoretical Framework 2008531 10 Theoretical Framework 2008531 28

第一部分 理論架構：僕人式領導 Theoretical Framework 2008/5/31 10

第一部分 理論架構：家長式領導 Theoretical Framework 2008/5/31 28

★ 家長式領導演變 ★ n Kleinig 1988 家長權威 paternalistic authority n Max Weber 支配類型 Domination n 法治型 legal domination：官僚體系 n 傳統型 traditional domination：依附性 n 長老制 gerontocracy n 家父長制 patriarchalism：東西方不同 n 家產制 estate-type domination n 魅力型 charismatic domination：超凡異人 2008/5/31 29

領導與文化：迷思或事實 n 過去研究反省 n 國外模式驗證 n Effective Leadership (Feishman, 1954; Cheng & Yang, 1977) n Contingency Model (Fiedler, 1967; Cheng, Chuang & Jen, 1986) n Transactional Leadership (Sims, 1977; Cheng, 1988) n Substitute for Leadership (Kerr & Jermier, 1978; Cheng, 1985; Farh, Podsakoff & Cheng, 1987) n Situational Model (Hersey & Blanchard, 1977; Cheng & Jen, 1987) n 國外模式修正 n Effective Leadership ( Cheng & Chuang, 1981) --Moral leadership n Charismatic Leadership (Huang, Cheng, & Chou, 2004) --Value fit perspective 2008/5/31 31

家長式領導：本土化研究策略 n 研究作法 n 構念的引進與闡述 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 ‧ Article Review (1988 -1992) ‧ One Case Observation (1993 -1995) ‧ Multiple Cases Study (1995 -1996) ‧ Pilot Quantitative Study (1996 -1997) ‧ Cultural Analysis and Model Building (1998 -1999) ‧ Instrument Development (2000) n 構念的評估與論辯 Step 7 ‧ Model Testing and Internal Validation (2001~ ) Step 8 ‧ Cross-Cultural Comparison and Generalization (2002~ ) Step 9 ‧ Instrument and Model Calibration (2003~) Step 10 ‧ Model Application (2005~) 2008/5/31 33

家長式領導：構念的引進 Step 1、Paternalistic Leadership： Article Review Cross - Cultural Psychology Comparative Management Sociology and Anthropology China Studies Paper : 研討會(1988)、中國人、中國心(1991) 2008/5/31 34

家長式領導：構念的引進 Step 2、Paternalistic Leadership： Observing a Paternalistic CEO Method : Clinician approach and grounded theory Subject : 1 CEO and 8 staffs of a Taiwanese company Main Findings : Paternalistic leadership includes two factors as authoritarianism(立威) and benevolence(施恩). Build a two-factor model二元模式 The moderating effects of subordinate dependence Paper : 中央研究院民族學研究所集刊(1995) 2008/5/31 36

家長式領導：構念的引進 Step 3、Paternalistic Leadership： Multiple Cases Study Method : 44 higher managers, in-depth interview and multiple cases analysis Main Findings : Provide more solid evidence to paternalistic leadership Describe paternalistic leader behavior and subordinate responses in detail Link paternalistic leadership to Yang’s authority-orientation Paper: NSC Technical Report (1995) 2008/5/31 37

家長式領導：構念的引進 Step 4、Paternalistic Leadership： Pilot Quantitative Studies Method: Questionnaire survey, 157 manager-staff dyads and 180 principle-teacher dyads Main Findings Develop instrument and check its psychometric indicators Authoritarianism and Benevolence Test two-factor model Understand concurrent validity Have interaction effect on subordinate effectiveness Paper: NSC Technical Report (1996, 1998) 2008/5/31 38

家長式領導：概念的闡述 Step 5、Cultural Analysis and Model Building n Method : Article Review n Main Findings: n Link paternalistic leadership to Chinese traditional cultural value n Build a triad model of paternalistic leadership n Identify contextual factors n Paper : Book chapter (Farh & Cheng, 2000) Target article (Farh & Cheng, 2000) 2008/5/31 41

家長式領導：構念的評估與論辯 Step 7 : Model Testing and Internal Validation Cheng, B. S. , Huang, M. P. , & Chou, L. F. (2002）. Paternalistic leadership and its effectiveness: Evidence from Chinese organizational teams. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies(Hong Kong), 3(1), 85112 鄭伯壎、謝佩鴛、周麗芳（2002）。校長領導作風、上下關係品質及教 師角色外行為：轉型式與家長式領導的效果。本土心理學研究期刊，17 期，105 -161頁。 吳宗祐、徐瑋伶、鄭伯壎(2002)。怒不可遏或忍氣吞聲？華人企業中主 管威權領導行為與部屬憤怒情緒反應的關係。本土心理學研究期刊，18 期，13 -50。 鄭伯壎、周麗芳、黃敏萍、樊景立、 彭泗清（2003）。家長式領導的三 元模式：中國大陸企業組織的證據。本土心理學研究期刊， 20期，209250。 Cheng, B. S. , Chou, L. F. , Huang, M. P. , Wu, T. Y. , & Farh, J. L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate reverence: Evidence from business organizations in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 7(1), 89 -117. 2008/5/31 48

第二部分 實證研究 Empirical Study 2008/5/31 58

心靈點滴 Patch Adams December 25, 1998 $25. 2 million in opening weekend, ranking # 1, And ranking # 2 in the following four weeks 2008/5/31 59

Pablo Neruda n I don't love you as if you were the salt-rose, topaz or arrow of carnations that propagate fire: I love you as certain dark things are loved, secretly, between the shadow and the soul. n I love you as the plant that doesn't bloom and carries hidden within itself the light of those flowers, and thanks to your love, darkly in my body lives the dense fragrance that rises from the earth. n I love you without knowing how, or when, or from where, I love you simply, without problems or pride: I love you in this way because I don't know any other way of loving n but this, in which there is no I or you, so intimate that your hand upon my chest is my hand, so intimate that when I fall asleep it is your eyes that close. 2008/5/31 62

第三部分 問題與討論 Discussion 2008/5/31 63

領導與文化：迷思或事實 n. Believing is Seeing or Seeing is Believing? n｢World is flat｣ by Thomas Friedman n. World is not flat｢世界的另一種可能｣ n. Cultural Diversity 跨國企業文化 n 放諸四海皆準 n 企業全球化 2008/5/31 65