The Young Nation and Foreign Relations Relations with

The Young Nation and Foreign Relations

Relations with the French ► America was originally supportive of the French Revolution b/c they saw the French as brothers in arms (a downtrodden people oppressed) ► However, the French will experience a period of severe bloodshed following the revolution (The Reign of Terror) § The U. S. will distant itself from the French in lieu of the violence.

The Quasi-War ► During the Presidency of John Adams ► America will sign a treaty w/ Britain in 1794. ► France will regard this treaty as an act of war § France will begin to raid American ships headed for Britain, seizing cargo

X, Y, Z, & W Affair ► President John Adams decides to try and avoid war with France ► Adams sends a delegation, a group of people sent to argue on behalf of an individual party, to Paris ► The delegation, lead by Charles Pickney, is directed to negotiate a peace with the French foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand § The American delegation is greeted by three French agents (X, Y, Z) and they demand a bribe in order to see Talleyrand § “Not a sixpence” Pickney replies

Conclusion of the Quasi-War ► Pickney comes home; tells Adams what happened ► Adams responds by upping the size of the American military ► Many war-hawks, politicians who loudly demand war, called for war with France § Lead to Alien and Sedition Acts (made it illegal to criticize the government) ► Adam’s ► Adams 1800 presidency was defined by this Act resisted and will sign a treaty w/ France in § Cost him reelection

French Colonies in the America’s

How the US Able to Buy Lousiana

Slavery in Haiti Very Common, even condoned by the church ► Haiti was a wealthy colony because of sugar cane ► Plantation System ► 4 Social Classes § Gran Blancs – Wealthy White Slave Owners § Petit Blancs – Slave-less Poor Whites § Gen-de-Colour – Free People of Color ► Children of the union of whites and slaves § Freed by their fathers and often quite wealthy § Slaves ►

How the United States was able to buy the Louisiana Purchase ► Napoleon will come to power in France and begin a war in Europe § Dreams of an empire in the Americas

Haitian Revolt Napoleon uses the island of Santo Domingo as a base for his empire in the West ► Slave revolt on the island lead by Toussaint. Louverture ► Napoleon loses thousands of troops on Santo Domingo ► Abandons his dreams of empire ►

Haiti After Revolt ► ► ► Haiti is broke and without any way of making money Many of the now independent Haitians had only ever been trained to farm So…Loverture forces them back onto the plantations in order to make some money Remember that often the revolution simply just exchanges one oppressive gov’t for another Loverture is arrested and sent to France, where he dies in prison Replaced by Jean Jaques Dessaline who finishes off the French in 1804

Independent Haiti

What Happens Next…… ► 1804 Napoleon loses Haiti ► Remember what position he had been crowned in that year…. Napoleon turns his attention to Europe and Britain ► Remember what year was Trafalgar ► However wars cost $ ► And Napoleon needs $ ► ► So…….

The Louisiana Purchase Napoleon approaches Thomas Jefferson about buying the land ►The Louisiana Purchase is $15 mil. § Doubles the size of the country and stretches from the Mississippi to the Pacific ►Lewis and Clark explore the land are guided by Sacagawea § Travel 4, 000 miles and reach the Pacific

Lewis and Clark Expidition

Trouble in the West ► After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers begin to move west in large numbers ► A Shawnee Chief named Tecumseh united N. A.

Relations with Britain ► Britain and France will go to war in 1793 § America will be neutral ► Britain will attack American and impress American sailors, force sailors to join the navy ► America will meet Britain at the Battle of Fallen Timbers § America wins ► America and Britain signs Jay’s Treaty § Britain removes all troops to America and pay for shipping losses § Jay’s Treaty is rejected in America b/c it does not mention impressment

War of 1812 ► Impressments will begin again in the early 1800 s ► Britain will also sides w/ Native Americans in a war against the U. S. ► War-hawks in Washington demands a war w/ Britain § War declared on June 1, 1812

War of 1812 ► The American plan called for an entirely land war; Britain navy was too strong ► Americans would invade Canada and knock Britain out of N. America ► Gen. William Hull lead his forces into Canada from Detroit § They are defeated by N. Americans and surrender Detroit

American Offensive ► Lake Erie and Oliver Hazard Perry § Perry defeats the British on Lake Erie § “We have met the enemy and they are ours” ► Americans take back Detroit and burn York (present day Toronto) ► Americans resort to privateers to defeat the British navy at sea § Privateers fail and British set up a blockade stretching the Atlantic coast

British Offensive ► Britain defeats Napoleon and turn attention towards Americans ► British land at Bladensburg with eyes on Washington § Americans meet British at Bladensburg and are defeated § “Bladensburg races” – British suffer 8 casualties; all from heat exhaustion chasing Americans

British Offensive Cont’d ► After Bladensburg, British march on Washington and burn capitol ► Move on Baltimore and attack Fort Mc. Henry ► British fiercely bombard fort ► By the end of the night and bombardment, the flag atop the fort survived § Francis Scott Key oversaw the battle and wrote “Star Spangle Banner”

End of the War ► British suffer huge loss at Plattsburg (secured border w/ Canada) ► 1814 – Treaty of Ghent § British and American borders did not change § Impressment is not mentioned

Battle of New Orleans ► Fought two weeks after the war ended ► British general, Gen. Sir Edward Pakenham moved on New Orleans ► Gen. Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans and picked off 700 redcoats from behind cotton bails ► British surrender ► Jackson becomes U. S. hero

Barbary Wars ► The Barbary States lie on the North African coast § Morocco, Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers ► The states were Muslim states under control of the Ottoman Turks § Ruled by the Berber Dynasties ► The states were funded by acts of piracy in the Mediterranean Sea

Barbary War ► Sultans. Deys, and Pashas, Muslim leaders of the Barbary States demanded tribute, payment for protection, in order to avoid pirate raids ► Barbary pirates raided European vessels for centuries § § § Small, maneuverable vessels Pirates steal cargo and sell sailors into slavery Sometimes used as weapons by one European country against another ► After revolution U. S. needed trading to make money by trading § Had been under British protection

Barbary Wars ► Money for a Navy went to war debt § Treaties were needed w/ N. Africa (Pirates always wanted more) § Attacks continue, despite treaties ► U. S. will pass Naval Act of 1794 to build a navy against pirates

Barbary Wars: Tripoli vs. the U. S. ►A treaty is mapped out between Yusef Karamanli, the king of Tripoli, and the U. S. § Huge treaty to the pasha: including gold handed pistols owned by George Washington ► Karamanli declares the treaty null and void in 1801; attacks U. S. ships ► T. Jefferson declares war and sets up the Dept. of the Navy

War w/ Tripoli ► Jefferson builds the Constitution (44 guns) and the Philadelphia (38 guns) ► In N. Africa, William Eaton, an American operative, makes contact with Yusef’s brother to take over ► Philadelphia is captured by pirates after being run aground

End of the War ► The Constitution sails into Tripoli ► Stephen Decatur, a 25 year-old-lieutenant, leads 70 marines into Tripoli harbor and burns the Philadelphia and the entire pirate fleet ► Soon after Yusef’s brother would be put in power by U. S. and signs favorable treaty ► The Barbary pirates would be subdued in 1815 § Decatur sailed a ship into Algerian water and forced a treaty ► The importance of the war was the it marked the birth of the American Navy

Relations with Spain ► Pinckney’s Treaty - Spain will grant trading rights on the Mississippi and through New Orleans in 1795

Foreign Pressure in the Western Hemisphere ► 1818 – Adams-Onis Treaty : Spain handed over Florida to U. S. at a cost of $5 mil. ► Spain actively trying to retake its colonies in the Americas § The colonies were now independent nations ► Britain still controlled Canada and had just try to reconquer the US ► Russia had claimed all the land north of the 51 st parallel (latitude) and promised war on any one who attempted settlement

Monroe Doctrine ►A policy of Pres. James Monroe ► Stated that the U. S. would not interfere with existing European colonies in America, but would not allow further colonies in “America’s backyard” (The Americas) ► Will lead to many conflicts later on and many moves within Latin America