The Worshipping Community EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE Chapters

The Worshipping Community EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE Chapters 8+9, Nuttgens, Story of Architecture 1

fig 130 Santa Costanza Rome c. 350 Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 2

Catacombs off the Via Latina, Rome 4 th century l Christians did not adopt Roman cremation but wanted to be buried, near an apostle’s grave Chapter 8+9 Architectural History fig 131 3

fig 132 Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome 432 -440 l Basilica plan with nave arcaded in classical trabeated style: lintels rest on columns Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 4

fig 133 Santa Sabina, Rome 422 -430 Nave arcaded by arches resting on pillars l Opens up the plan l Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 5

Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem Built by Constantine l Replaced apse at the end by an octagonal chapel l Chapter 8+9 Architectural History fig 134 6

Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem 326333 7

Old Basilica of St. Peter, Rome c. 330 Replaced vaults with simple walls and columns holding up wooden roofs Built over the graves of a saint – holy person Chapter 8+9 Architectural History fig 135 8

San Apolinare in Classe, Ravenna c. 534 -549 Free-standing campanile – bell tower l Earliest example of a round tower l Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 9

Mausoleum of Galla Placida, Ravenna 420 l Interior burst of colourful Byzantine mosaics Chapter 8+9 Architectural History fig 137 10

St. Simeon Stylites l Amalgamation of congregational basilica with centralized shrine Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 11

Europe 530 AD 12

Europe 814 AD 13

Entry San Vitale Ravenna Italy (532 -548) 14

San Vitale Ravenna Italy Aerial View (532 -548) 15

San Vitale, Ravenna (Interior) 16

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (532 -537) Plan and Satellite Photo 17

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (Sections) Cross-Section 18 Longitudinal-Section

Cross-Section 19 Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (Isometric)

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (532 -537) External Views 20

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (Ext. Overview) 21

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (532 -537) Interior Views 22

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (532 -537) Dome 23

24 Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (Details)

Each area developed its own version of Hagia Sophia Monastery Church, Daphni fig 147

Hosios Loukas Monastery The cross-plan is expressed on the exterior by separate pan-tiled roofs over the different sections

Byzantine Churches l l Mistra - fortified town contains the Palace to the last Byzantine emperor and was a centre of Byzantine scholarship l Church of St. Theodore Megistis Lavras - one of 20 monasteries on the island of Mount Athos

l l St. Mark’s, Venice l l Refugees from the barbarian hordes crossed the Adriatic lagoons to create Venice. St. Mark’s is a Greek-cross, five-domed church based on Justinian’s Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople The magnificent facade has three tiers of semicircular shapes with 5 deepset doorways between a two-tier paling of little pillars; five rounded gable ends with ogee eyebrows

St. Mark’s Venice Lead covered domes with garlic-bulb finials. l Inside, it is entirely sheathed in a molten skin of gold mosaic l

Ani Cathedral, Armenia l Ani, capital of Armenia, was once the city of a thousand churches; now abandoned to grassland Reconstruction

Ani Cathedral, Armenia

Santa Sophia, Kiev l The Russian contribution to the Byzantine style is the onion dome which swells outward before curving inward. l Santa Sophia was originally built with one large dome and 12 smaller apostle domes but was elaborated with extra aisles and domes

St. Basil’s, Moscow Built by Ivan the Terrible in 1550 l A cluster of smaller domes surrounds the central dome l The manycoloured tiling was added in the 17 th century l

St. Basil’s, Moscow