The World Before 1600 1 Native Americans North

The World Before 1600 1. Native Americans & North American Culture in the 1400 s 2. Europe & the Age of Exploration 3. European Colonization of the Americas

North American Cultures in the 1400 s The Main Idea A variety of complex societies existed in different regions of North America before European explorers arrived in the early 1500 s. Reading Focus • How did regional differences among Native Americans shape their diverse cultures? • What Native American customs were shared among several groups? • How did trading networks link Native American societies?

Regional Differences among Native Americans • Diverse environments of North America influenced the Native American cultures across the continent. The Southwest • Pueblo peoples inherited many Anasazi customs. • The Zuni, Hopi, and Acoma lived in pueblos. • They grew corn, beans, squash, and cotton in river and creek bottoms. • They made distinctive pottery and baskets. • Later the Apache and the Navajo arrived. – Originally nomadic hunters, gradually took up farming like the other Pueblo peoples – Became skilled weavers

Regional Differences among Native Americans The Northwest Coast • Climate was cool and rainy. Tall trees, wild plants, game, and fish were abundant. • • Hunters went to sea to hunt whales. The Kwakiutland the Haida were skilled woodworkers. • The rich resources made them wealthy. California • This region was located south of the Northwest Coast. • • • Home to the Pomo, Hupa, and Yuro, among others These peoples lived in small communities of 50 to 300. There were over 100 languages spoken in the region. The people fished and hunted because food was available yearround. They did not have to farm.

Regional Differences among Native Americans The Far North • Region also known as Arctic and Subarctic • The peoples are the most recent migrants from Asia. • These ancestors of modern Inuit came by boat about 1, 500 years ago. • Aleuts came earlier and settle on Aleutian Islands. Land Vegetation • Much of the land is tundra. • Animals were abundant despite the lack of vegetation. • The Inuit and Aleuts mainly hunted. • On the coast, people hunted seals, seabirds, and whales • Inland, they hunted caribou, beaver, and bear. • Archaeological evidence of their sites is rare. Perhaps rising sea levels after the Ice Age covered the coastal settlements.

Regional Differences among Native Americans The Great Basin and the Plateau • These are two dryland regions located east of the mountain ranges of the Pacific coast. The Great Basin • Native Americans such as the Ute and Shoshone were challenged by the weather and environment. • There was little rain, few trees, no large rivers, and few wild game. • They were hunter-gatherers: dug roots, gathered acorns and piñon nuts, and hunted rabbits. • Their populations were small. The Plateau • Located north of Great Basin – More rainfall than Great Basin – More forests than Great Basin – Crossed by rivers brimming with salmon and other fish • Groups such as the Nez Percé lived in villages along the rivers.

Regional Differences among Native Americans The Great Plains • Home to the Sioux, Pawnee, and Cheyenne • Flat land with prairie grasses and treelined rivers • Herds such as elk and bison grazed there. • Had to hunt buffalo —farming was difficult with tough grass roots • The Caddo and Wichita lived in fertile farm valleys. The Eastern Woodlands • Thick forests • Because travel was difficult, groups developed their own traditions, tools, and (often) languages. • The Iroquois included several groups who shared a culture and language. They lived in longhouses. • The Chippewa, Fox, and Sauk also lived in the region. They spoke Algonquian languages. • Plenty of meat, furs, and fish The Southeast • Most lived in settled farming villages. • They had a warm climate with plenty of rain; this allowed them to grow several crops a year. • Many groups lived here, including the Choctaw. • They lived in thatched-roof log cabins plastered with mud.

Native American Customs Family relations • Most villages and nations organized into clans by kinship • Kinship determined inheritance, status, and marriage eligibility • Housing arrangements and social engagements depended on the position of women. • Iroquois society was matrilineal. • In Hopi culture, a man went to live with his wife’s family when he married, bringing seeds from his mother’s crops. Social and political structures • Social organization varied greatly from group to group. • Most clans or nations were headed by a chief. Villages were run by a council of elders.

Native American Customs Land use • They did not believe that land should be bought and sold. • Some societies viewed land as a gift from the Great Spirit to be shared by the village or group for farming or hunting. • Still, some groups warred over territory. Division of labor • Ancient hunter-gatherers: men and boys hunted and women and girls gathered plants, nuts, and berries • Agricultural Revolution saw women take over planting and cultivating crops • Southwest division of labor: women and men farmed; women cared for children, cooked, wove cloth, and made pottery and baskets; men were woodcarvers and probably metalworkers

Native American Customs Religious beliefs • Native Americans shared spiritual and religious ideas. – Belief that there was a spiritual connection to the natural world – In many belief systems, a tree stood at the center of the earth. – Animals were thought to be powerful spirits. • Native Americans told many stories. – Some explained the creation of the world or the origin of their peoples. – Other stories were about spirits and crops, rivers or other aspects of nature.

Europe and Exploration The Main Idea Renaissance ideas changed Europeans’ medieval outlook and inspired them to explore the world. Reading Focus • What changes took place in Europe during the Middle Ages? • What happened during the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation? • What did Europeans hope to find during the Age of Exploration?

The Middle Ages • The Middle Ages (AD 500 to 1500) began when the Roman Empire collapsed and created widespread lawlessness. Feudalism and the manorial system • Invaders occupied Spain and attacked other nations in central Europe. Vikings raided the northern coasts of Europe. • Feudal system developed when local nobles gave parcels of land from their large estates to vassals, or nobles of lower rank. The vassals pledged their loyalty and military service to the lords.

The Middle Ages The Crusades • Roman Catholic Pope Urban called on Christian kings and knights to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim Turks. Thousands answered his call to the holy wars, known as the Crusades. • The Muslims kept their lands, but the wars allowed Europeans to experience new lands and people and boosted trade between Europe and the Middle East. • Wealthy European merchants and artisans made up a growing middle class.

The Middle Ages New nation-states • Many nobles lost their fortunes in the Crusades; the new middle-class townspeople did not owe loyalty to a feudal lord. • Kings gave towns charters and collected taxes. England, France, and Spain began creating nation-states with strong central governments and homogeneous populations. • King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta, a document that established several principles of government: – No taxation without representation – The right to trial by a jury of one’s peers – These rights were gradually extended to ordinary people.

The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation The Renaissance (rebirth) • In the 1300 s, a new era of learning began in the wealthy city-states of Italy. • Classics of Greece and Rome were studied, inspiring an intense creativity in the arts. • In the medieval period, many people accepted misery in their lives and hoped for rewards in heaven. • During the Renaissance people showed an interest in a meaningful life on earth. • Scientists began to question teachings of Catholic Church.

The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation • • Many thought the Catholic clergy had become lazy and corrupt. They felt the church failed to provide proper spiritual guidance. In 1517 a German monk, Martin Luther , nailed a list of arguments to a church door. This critique of the Catholic Church led to the Reformationmovement. • Protestants : those who joined protests against the church Christianity in Spain • • Islam was widespread in Iberian Peninsula. By 1100 s, Christian rulers wanted to take it back. Movement known as Reconquista. Spanish Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted Spain to be a Catholic kingdom. Ordered all Jews and Muslims to convert or leave Spain. Even Christians could be punished if they were suspected of defying the church.

The Age of Exploration Marco Polo Prince Henry the Navigator • Polo went to China and stayed for 17 years and worked for Kublai Khan. • Set up a school and naval observatory to encourage exploration • On the return trip, he went through Southeast Asia and India. • He sponsored many expeditions. • Marco took note of the people, places, and customs. • His book about his travels was very popular; it influenced later explorers. • Hoped to find a sea route to India to allow Portugal and other countries to trade directly with the East instead of going through Italian merchants

The Age of Exploration Better sailing technology • Prince Henry’s school developed the caravel, a sturdy and fast ship. • Improved navigational instruments: astrolabe and magnetic compass Looking for a sea route to Asia • Overland trip to Asia was long, difficult, and dangerous • Portuguese explorers led the way: Dias, da Gama, Cabral • Bartolomeu Dias was first to round the southern tip of Africa. • Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The new trade route helped Portugal become a world power. • The sea route discovery led to the decline of trans-Sahara trade and the African trading empires. • Pedro Álvars Cabral spotted the South American coast.

Cultures Make Contact The Main Idea Columbus’s voyages to the Americas established contact with Native Americans and led to European colonies and an exchange of goods and ideas. Reading Focus • When did Vikings visit North America, and why was their stay brief? • Why were Columbus’s voyages to the Caribbean significant? • What impact did European exploration have on Native Americans? • What was the Columbian Exchange, and how did it affect both Europe and America?

Vikings Visit North America • Vikings were sea raiders who terrorized the coasts of western Europe. • In late 900 s, Vikings from Norway reached Greenland in North America. Erik the Red began settlements there in 986. • Erik’s son, Leif Eriksson, was heading to Greenland, but landed on eastern Canadian coast. He named it Vinland. • Leif tried to establish a colony in Vinland, but was not welcomed by the Native Americans. The Vikings left Canada three years later after warfare with the natives. • The Vikings never settled in Vinland again, but they continued to return for timber.

Columbus’s Voyages to the Caribbean Christopher Columbus • Believed that he could reach India by sailing west (did not know about American continents) • Convinced Queen Isabella to back his voyage (after several years) • Studied sailing and navigation techniques and read books about travel and geography The first voyage • Set sail on August 3, 1492 • Crew of 90 men, two caravels (the Niña and the Pinta) and his flagship, the Santa Maria • Reached land after 3 weeks (San Salvador in the Caribbean) • Called the local people “los Indios. ” They were Tainos. • Always thought he had explored part of Asia

Impact on Native Americans Colonies in Hispaniola • Christmas Town: The men Columbus had left to establish a town in Hispaniola behaved so wildly in his absence that they angered the Tainos. The Tainos killed all of them. • Isabela: The site had no fresh water and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. • While Columbus explored other islands, his brothers ran Isabela. Some Spanish officers rebelled against them. • Columbus and his brothers captured Indians to sell as slaves. Colonization turned into conquest. • He eventually lost his post as governor of Hispaniola in 1500.

Impact on Native Americans Native American Labor • Spaniards wanted to find gold and needed the labor to mine it. • In 1494 Columbus sent 26 Indians back to Spain, wanting them to be trained as interpreters. • He suggested starting a trade in Indian slaves. Also wanted to convert them to Christianity Trade in Indian Slaves • • Queen Isabella didn’t want to enslave Indians. Many Indians were then sent to Portuguese plantations instead. Later the Portuguese, French, and Dutch ran Caribbean plantations and kept enslaved Indians as local labor. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas dedicated his life to protecting the Indians from mistreatment.

The Columbian Exchange Interaction between Europeans and Native Americans—and eventually Africans—led to exchanges: Native American crops • Corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, chocolate, peanuts – plants – animals European contributions – languages • Certain foods – technology • Domestic animals, including horses – deadly germs, brought epidemics to the Americas • New technology, including guns • Smallpox and measles

Christófo Colón [1451 -1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortés Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

Docs. 1 - 4

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpo v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria v Diptheria v Whooping Cough x

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conqu istad ores M Perm a Set nent tler s is si on ar ie s Official European Colony!

African Cultures before 1500 The Main Idea Trade was a major factor in the development of African societies south of the Sahara. Reading Focus • What powerful West African trading kingdoms arose between 300 and 1500? • How did trade shape kingdoms in East Africa? • How did African society change as a result of the slave trade?

West African Trading Kingdoms Trans-Sahara trade • Despite the danger, trading caravans have crossed Sahara since ancient times. • African interior had gold and ivory; Arabs from North Africa traded salt from mines. • Great trading empires thrived in the grasslands near the Niger River. • Desert traders also brought Islam to West Africa.

West African Trading Kingdoms Ghana Mali Songhai • Earliest West African trading state (arose around AD 300) • Mansa Musa most famous ruler • This kingdom became larger than Ghana or Mali. • Located on a gold and salt route • Grew wealthy and powerful • History passed down through oral tradition • Did not convert to Islam • People of Mali were Muslims. • When Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca, the outside world knew of Mali’s wealth. • Askia Muhammad, most famous Songhai ruler, encouraged Muslim learning.

West African Trading Kingdoms Coastal kingdoms • By 1300, the settlement of Benin became a powerful state. – Grew rich from foreign trade – Famous for its brilliant artists • Farther south, the kingdom of Kongo was growing. – Thrived by trading salt and palm oil

Kingdoms of East Africa Trade Important to Growth • East Africans traded with Egypt, India, and the Middle East. • East African trading ships sailed the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. • East Africa had gold, cinnamon, rhinoceros horn and tortoise shell. They also shipped enslaved Africans. • They bought porcelain, silk, and jewels from India and China. Arabian Influence • Arabia was a strong influence along East African coast. • Arab merchants settled in coastal cities and brought their customs and Islam. • New culture and new language (Swahili) developed in East Africa.

African Society and the Slave Trade • African rulers were wealthy and had lavish lifestyles. • Strong families were central to African society. • People were loyal to those with the same lineage. • Men and women could be enslaved if they were captured in war, found guilty of a crime, or were in debt. • Slaves could work their way to freedom in most African societies. The Portuguese in West Africa • Nature of slavery changed when Europeans arrived in Africa. • Portuguese established large-scale farms, or plantations , first in Africa, then in Caribbean islands and in the Americas; later the Spanish, British, French, and Dutch did the same. • Plantations were labor-intensive. First Native Americans were used for labor, but diseases and working conditions took a heavy toll.

African Society and the Slave Trade The Atlantic Slave Trade Begins • Atlantic slave trade began in the sixteenth century as a response for the demand for cheap labor. Europeans viewed the black Africans as inferior. • Planters demanded more laborers for their plantations. • African merchants helped supply slaves to traders in exchange for the traders’ business. African rulers supplied slaves in exchange for European firearms. • Others who supplied slaves wanted to help weaken rival African leaders. • Europeans captured people during conflicts with North African Muslims. • European traders conducted slave raids and kidnappings. • The Portuguese began the slave trade, but by the 1600 s the English, French, and Dutch were heavily involved, too.

African Society and the Slave Trade The Impact on African Society • Atlantic slave trade continued for 400 years. • Historians estimate that 20 million Africans were sent to the Americas. • Many others were sent to other parts of the world. Many died en route. • The strongest young people were taken, the future leaders. • Slave raids discouraged people from planning for the future. • The slave trade interrupted normal political and economic development because of the loss of population. • The slave trade divided Africans from one another. • Young African men were hired by slave traders as kidnappers. • Rulers warred against their own people and neighbors in order to gain captives for the trade.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Sacrifice of the First-Born by Theodore de Bry

Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1. Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2. Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3. Get colonies.