The Work of Gregor Mendel 11 1 http

The Work of Gregor Mendel 11 -1 http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm http: //www. jic. bbsrc. ac. uk/germplas/pisum/zgs 4 f. htm

Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring ____________is called __________. heredity how those SCIENCE that studies _____ The _____ characteristics are _____ passed on from one generation to the next is called Genetics __________

http: //www. jic. bbsrc. ac. uk/germplas/pisum/zgs 4 f. htm The _________ Father of Genetics is _________, Gregor Mendel study a monk whose _____ of genetic traits was the beginning of our _________ about understanding ___________. how genes work

http: //hus. yksd. com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/Fourth. Quarter/Chapter 11/11 -1/images/Mendel. Experiment. gif Mendel designed experiments using ______ Pea plants in the _____ monastery garden MALE part of flower makes _______ Pollen ______ (sperm) FEMALE _____ part of flower makes _______ egg cells http: //www. cedarville. edu/academics/education/resource/schools/chca/2 scideb/debwebpv. htm

In pea plants, the pollen normally joins same plant with an egg from the _______ (=________ Self pollinating ) so seeds have “_________” ONE parent http: //hus. yksd. com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/Fourth. Quarter/Chapter 11/11 -1/images/Mendel. Experiment. gif

MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS Mendel started his experiments with peas that were _________ true breeding = if allowed to self pollinate _________ they would produce __________ offspring identical to themselves. http: //hus. yksd. com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/Fourth. Quarter/Chapter 11/11 -1/images/Mendel. Experiment. gif

MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS removed pollen Mendel __________ added pollen making parts and ______ from _______ another plant. This allowed him to _______ cross-breed plants with _______ different characteristics and study the results ____ http: //hus. yksd. com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/Fourth. Quarter/Chapter 11/11 -1/images/Mendel. Experiment. gif

specific characteristic is A ___________ trait called a ______ Mendel _______ studied 7 traits in peas. Pearson Education Inc, ; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS P 1 generation ____ (_____) parental F 1 generation ____ filial (______= offspring) F 2 generation ___

Principles of Dominance Section 11 -1 P Generation Tall Go to Section: Short F 1 Generation Tall F 2 Generation Tall Short

Principles of Dominance Section 11 -1 P Generation Tall Go to Section: Short F 1 Generation Tall F 2 Generation Tall Short

Principles of Dominance Section 11 -1 P Generation Tall Go to Section: Short F 1 Generation Tall F 2 Generation Tall Short

crossed PURE PLANTS When Mendel _______ with 2 _______ traits: contrasting (EX: Tall crossed with short) He always found same pattern: 1. ONLY ______ ONE trait ______ showed F 1 in the ____ generation BUT. . . Missing trait ______ returned in 2. ______ F 2 generation the ____ in a _____ 3: 1 ratio

PATTERNS ARE THE KEY Image modified from: http: //www. laskerfoundation. org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866. html http: //www. accessexcellence. org/AB/GG/mendel. html

Mendel decided that there must be a _________ that pair of FACTORS control ____each trait and that _____ one factor must be able to _______ HIDE the other.

We now know that Mendel’s factors are genes carried on ________ the pair of________ homologous _________ chromosomes http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover. gif

____ DIFFERENT gene CHOICES for a _______ trait are called ______. ALLELES http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm

DOMINANT _________ = An allele HIDES the presence of that ____ another allele RECESSIVE _________ = An allele that _________ the is hidden by presence of another allele

Why did the recessive trait disappear in the F 1 generation and reappear in the F 2? The pattern corresponds movement of to the ______ chromosomes during _______ MEIOSIS __________ Image modified from: http: //www. laskerfoundation. org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866. html

WHAT DOES MEIOSIS HAVE TO DO WITH IT?

REMEMBER _______ HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes SEPARATE ________ during ANAPHASE I = _________ SEGREGATION Image modified from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover. gif

____ offspring _____ F received an allele for 1 tallness from their _______ TALL parent and an allele for shortness from their ____ SHORT parent. The F 1 plants ALL ______ LOOK TALL carrying an but are ______ allele for _______ shortness Images from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

EXPLAINING the F 1 CROSS SEGREGATION LAW OF __________ alleles are separated when the F 1 plants _______ made gametes When these gametes recombined to make the recessive F 2 generation, the _______ trait ________ reappears in ¼ of the offspring Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

Principles of Dominance Section 11 -1 P Generation Tall Short F 1 Generation Tall F 2 Generation Tall Short

O T T F F S S E __ What comes next?

It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares) 1 O N E 2 T W O 3 T H R E E 4 F O U R 5 F I V E 6 S I X 7 8 S E E I V G E H N T 9 __ N I N E

PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11 -2

Interest Grabber Section 11 -2 Tossing Coins • If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin

Interest Grabber Answers 1. Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected? 2. Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails. 2. Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses. Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close are these results to what was expected? The results for 20 tosses may be closer to the predicted 10 heads and 10 tails. 3. If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you expect? 4. The results for the entire class should be even closer to the number predicted by the rules of probability. 4. How do the expected results differ from the observed results? The observed results are usually slightly different from the expected results.

__________ PROBABILITY is the _____ likelihood that a particular _________ event will occur It can be written as a: 1/4 Fraction ____ 25% Percent ____ 1: 3 Ratio ____

http: //www. arborsci. com/Cool. Stuff/Coin. Flip. jpg COIN FLIP There are 2 possible capital outcomes: HEADS TAILS The chance the coin will land on either one is: 1/2 ____ 50% ____ 1: 1 ____ Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses.

PROBABILITIES PAST DON’Taffect _____ones _____ outcomes ______ FUTURE If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too. _______works ______ Probability predicting best in ______ a ____ number of events. large The more flips. . . The closer results will be to the expected 50: 50 average.

DOMINANT/RECESSIVE Dominant allele is represented by a _______ capital letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) Recessive allele is represented by the SAME ______ lower-case _________ letter. T EX: Tall = ______ Short t =______ NOT S for short

HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the _______, SAME the organism is ________ HOMOZYGOUS or _____ PURE TT tt EX: ____ or ___ When both alleles in the pair are _______, DIFFERENT the organism is HETEROZYGOUS or _______ HYBRID _________ Ex: ____ Tt

PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE genetic makeup The ________ of an organism is its. GENOTYPE _______ appearance The ______of an organism is PHENOTYPE its _______

MAKING A CROSS for only a ONE _____ GENE trait = MONOHYBRID CROSS __________ A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents Parent alleles go at ________ top and on left side Boxes show T possible ______ offspring combinations t __________ T T

STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES Figure out what _________ parent alleles 1. ______ are Choose Punnett square _____ size 2. ____correct_____ Put in possible____________ parent gametes 3. ______ Fill in boxes with ___________ offspring combinations 4. ______ probabilities phenotypes 5. Determine ______of_______& genotypes ______

IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short TALL = ____ T SHORT = ____ t LET’S MAKE A CROSS! PURE TALL X PURE SHORT

PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles? TT T HOMOZYGOUS _____ T What gametes can it make?

PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles? tt t HOMOZYGOUS _____ t What gametes can it make?

T T t Tt Tt ALL _____ of the offspring 100 ____ % ___/4 4 will be Tt PHENOTYPE _______ TALL GENOTYPE _____

HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles? Tt T _____ HETEROZYGOUS t What gametes can it make?

T t T TT Tt tt GENOTYPES TT ¼ = _____ Tt ½ = _____ tt ¼ = _____ TALL 3/4 or ____% 75 PHENOTYPES _________ 1/4 or ____% SHORT 25

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS Tall = ____ T t Short = ____ R Round seeds = ___ r Wrinkled seeds = ___

What are the possible gametes? Homozygous Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? T TT T

What are the possible gametes? PURE wrinkled parent = What gametes can it produce? r rr r

What are the possible gametes? Heterozygous Round parent = What gametes can it produce? R Rr r

What are the possible gametes? Hybrid Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? T Tt t

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 -3 http: //www. eslkidstuff. com/images/tallshort. gif http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the ______________. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” = ____________ provide the plan Genes ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also depends on _______conditions. environmental _______

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have choices ______ MORE than 2 allele _____ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = __________ EX: blood type B ___ O A ___ Allele choices ___

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by MORE THAN ONE GENE ______________ POLYGENIC TRAIT = _________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http: //www. bcps. org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow. JPG

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ______ MORE than ONE gene have _________ many “______” in-between phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________ whole range of intelligences in-between http: //www. newtonswindow. com/problem-solving. htm

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE __________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ CO-DOMINANCE __________

COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant allele _______ masks _____ the ______ recessive one PATTERN ? Recessive allele ______ returns in a _____ratio in the 3: 1 ____ F 2 generation http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE expected _____ 3: 1 ratio in F 2 generation Heterozygous organisms with one _______ dominant and one recessive allele show a _____ BLENDED in-between trait Image modified from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

CO-DOMINANCE BOTH traits are expressed at _______ SAME TIME (___________) in heterozygote NO BLENDING ROAN A ____HORSE has _______ BOTH RED hair and _____ WHITE hair side by side

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ sugars attached that help cells recognize self = _______ GLYCOPROTEINS http: //www. mannanw. com/super-sugars. htm

BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = _____________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: A B O _____

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE AA AO BB BO OO AB PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) A A B B O AB

DONOR BLOOD A and AB see A as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

DONOR BLOOD B and AB see B as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

DONOR BLOOD O can donate to ____ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ___________ UNIVERSAL DONOR Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg

DONOR BLOOD Only AB sees AB as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

AB can only GIVE to AB BUT. . . AB can RECEIVE FROM ______ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ____________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Body image modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A B AB O 40% 10% 4% 46% http: //www. reachoutmichigan. org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/Bld. Typing. html

ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE + Rh Rh

OTHER BLOOD TYPES __________ IF: NO PROBLEMS Rh+ MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh+ Image modified from: http: //www. wsd 1. org/lessonplans/images/Body. gif MOM is _____ Rh+ & BABY is ____ Rh-

PROBLEM IF: Can be a ______ Mom is _____ Rh- Baby is _____ Rh+ 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this Image modified from: http: //www. wsd 1. org/lessonplans/images/Body. gif

DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits) http: //mac 122. icu. ac. jp/BIOBK/Bio. Bookgenintro. html

Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

MAKING A CROSS with TWO gene traits __________= DIHYBRID CROSS __________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

Figure 11 -10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11 -3

LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND RRYY HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED rryy 1. Figure ______ are out what _________ parent alleles 2. Choose ____correct_____ Punnett square _____ size 3. Put ______ in possible____________ parent gametes 4. Fill ______ in boxes with ___________ offspring combinations 5. Determine ______of_______& probabilities phenotypes ______ genotypes

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT _____________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors Image modified from: http: //anthro. palomar. edu/mendel_1. htm

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW RRYY Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R Y RY ____________ RY _______

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN rryy Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene r y ry ____________ ry _______

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R Y r y r. Y ____________ Ry _______

ry ry RY Rr. Yy Rr. Yy genotype 100% of offspring = _______ ROUND YELLOW phenotype ____________

MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy X HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy

POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RY ry r. Y Ry

RY Ry r. Y ry RRYY RRYy Rr. YY Rr. Yy ____ 9 Round & Yellow Ry RRYy RRyy Rr. Yy Rryy 3 Round & ____ green r. Y Rr. Yy rr. YY rr. Yy 3 Wrinkled ____ & yellow rryy 1 wrinkled ____ & green RY ry Rr. Yy Rryy rr. Yy heterozygous dihybrid cross is a Sign of a ___________ 9: 3: 3: 1 ratio in offspring.

____ 9 ______ dominant TRAIT 1 ; ______ dominant TRAIT 2 3 ______ dominant TRAIT 1; _______ recessive ____ TRAIT 2 recessive TRAIT 1; _______ dominant 3 ______ TRAIT 2 1 ______ recessive TRAIT 1; _______ recessive 9: 3: 3: 1 _____ratio is a clue that it’s a ______________cross HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

What are the possible gametes? RRTT pure round & pure tall = _____ R T ______ RT What gametes can it produce?

Tt. RR Heterozygous Tall = _____ & pure round What are the possible gametes? ____ T R ____ t R ______ TR What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes? Ttrr = _____ Hybrid tall & pure wrinkled ____ T r ____ t r ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes? t. Rr =T _____ Heterozygous tall & hybrid round ____ T R ____ t r _____ t R ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?