The Wisconsin Community Corrections Story Kendra Bradner Columbia

The Wisconsin Community Corrections Story Kendra Bradner, Columbia Justice Lab January 23, 2019 1

A NATIONAL PROBLEM: THE GROWTH OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS 4, 500, 000 4, 000 3, 500, 000 3, 000 2, 500, 000 Jail 2, 000 Prison Parole 1, 500, 000 Probation 1, 000 500, 000 82 19 84 19 86 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04 20 06 20 08 20 10 20 12 20 14 20 16 19 19 80 0 2

WHY REDUCE COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS • Deprivation of liberty and trip wire to incarceration • More is not better – supervising low-risk people increases their likelihood of re-arrest • Lengthy supervision terms: • strain department resources • are unnecessary trip wires to technical violations • Diminishing returns: Most re-offenses occur in first 1 -2 years • Stark racial disparities 3

HIGH AND INCREASING RATES OF PAROLE SUPERVISION 450 400 350 All States 300 Wisconsin 250 Michigan 200 Minnesota 150 Illinois 100 Iowa Indiana 50 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 0 4

LONG AND INCREASING AVERAGE PAROLE LENGTH OF STAY 40 December 31, 1999: TIS implemented 35 30 All States 25 Illinois 20 Indiana 15 Iowa Michigan 10 Minnesota 5 Wisconsin 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 19 97 19 19 96 0 5

MASS SUPERVISION DRIVES MASS INCARCERATION EXITS TO INCARCERATION (2013) 45% 39% 40% 35% 30% 28% 25% 3% 20% 9% [VALUE] 2, 015 people 15% 10% 5% 0% [VALUE] 656 people 16% All States Revocation (without a new conviction) Wisconsin New Conviction Other 6

MASS SUPERVISION DRIVES MASS INCARCERATION – ADMISSIONS (1996 -2017) 16, 000 14, 000 12, 000 10, 000 41% 8, 000 6, 000 4, 000 2, 000 37% 24% 23% 30% 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Other New Sentence Only Revocation - New Sentence Revocation Only 7

MASS SUPERVISION DRIVES MASS INCARCERATION – ADMISSIONS INCLUDING HOLDS (1996 -2017) 16, 000 14, 000 12, 000 10, 000 8, 000 6, 000 4, 000 2, 000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Other New Sentence Only Revocation - New Sentence Revocation Only Temporary Holds 8

SHARP INCREASE IN PROBATION/PAROLE HOLDS 6, 000 October 8, 2001: MSDF opened 5, 000 4, 000 3, 000 2, 000 1, 000 0 1996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 Other New Sentence Only Revocation - New Sentence Revocation Only Temporary Holds 9

MSDF FOCUSES ON TECHNICAL REVOCATIONS AND HOLDS 10

LARGE RACIAL DISPARITIES AT MSDF 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% White Black 65% 41% 76% Two or More Races 27% 7% Wisconsin residents American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific Islander Unknown/Did Not Report Wisconsin prisons Milwaukee residents MSDF Revocations 11

RACIAL DISPARITIES IN COMMUNITY SUPERVISION 11963 Black 2121 9035 American Indian or Alaskan Native 4210 2270 White Men 643 Women 1274 Asian or Pacific Islander 212 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 12

RACIAL DISPARITIES IN REVOCATIONS Black 306 American Indian or Alaskan Native 232 Asian or Pacific Islander 170 White 136 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 13

EXCERPT FROM STATEMENT ON THE FUTURE OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS As America’s leading probation and parole officials and other concerned individuals and organizations recommend that the number of people on probation and parole supervision in America be significantly reduced by: • • • Reserving community corrections for those who truly require it Reducing lengths of stay Exercising parsimony in imposing conditions Incentivizing progress by granting early discharge Eliminating supervision fees Preserving most of the savings to improve services

A MAJORITY OF STATES HAVE LIMITED FELONY PROBATION TERMS TO 5 YEARS OR LESS 31 states with a cap on maximum felony probation terms of five years or less* * Many states exempt some crimes from the cap 15

MAXIMUM LENGTH OF FELONY PROBATION BY STATE AL, IA, MO, MS, NY, NC, OH, OR 9 8 7 Number of states 6 5 CA, MN, PA, WI 4 3 CO, MA 2 IN 1 WA FL UT ME AZ TX rm s um te ar ye M ax im 10 rs ye a 7 rs ye a 5 rs ye a 4 rs ye a 3 rs ye a 2 ar ye 1 na r tio re sc Di Un c le a y r 0 16

NEW YORK CITY – MODEL OF REFORM WITHOUT LEGISLATION • 45% decline in violations 2010 - 2012 • Six fold increase in early discharges to 17% • 2/3 of supervisees on kiosks • 5, 4, 3 for felonies; 3 or 2 for misdemeanors (16% > max) 17

NYC PROBATION CASELOAD (1996 - 2017) 80, 000 NYC Probation Caseload 70, 000 68, 002 60, 000 50, 000 40, 000 81. 2% decline in number of people on probation, 1996 -2017 30, 000 20, 000 12, 774 10, 000 0 1996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 18

SENTENCES OF NYC ARRESTEES, 2014 30% 25% 27. 6% 25. 8% 20% 15% 10% 5% 4. 3% 0% Felony Arrestees Probation Misdemeanor Arrestees conditional or unconditional discharges, fines, or other less formal sanctions 19

NEW YORK CITY OUTCOMES • Use savings to focus on higher-risk and improve services: • Almost tripled per-person expenditure from 2002 to 2016 • Initiated new programs: Ne. ON, Arches, ACE, etc. • 57% decrease in violent crime in NYC during that time • 55% decrease in jail usage during that time 20

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS • Close the Milwaukee Secure Detention Facility • Locate Alternative to Revocation programs in the community • Shorten probation and parole terms • Incentivize good behavior • Eliminate incarceration for technical violations • Realign savings to community programs 21

RESOURCES • The Pennsylvania Community Corrections Story. April 2018 • Too Big to Succeed: The impact of the growth of community corrections and what should be done about it. January 2018 • Less is More in New York: An Examination of the Impact of State Parole Violations on Prison and Jail Populations. January 2018 • Statement on the Future of Community Corrections. August 2017 • Toward an Approach to Community Corrections for the 21 st Century. July 2017 22

For more information The Wisconsin Community Corrections Story: https: //bit. ly/2 AXec 6 b @CUJustice. Lab 23