The White House Staff General Observations The White

The White House Staff: General Observations

The White House Staff: General Observations 2 The Presidency is a Highly Personalized Office � The White House staff organization and operations reflect the preferences, tone, personality, and style of the President rather than the President conforming his style to the White House staff. Institutionalization of the White House Staff � There has been a good deal of stability with respect to the size and composition of the White House staff and the Executive Office of the President since the changes instituted in the Nixon Administration. The White House as a Coordinating Complex � As the size and scope of government have grown, so have the roles and responsibilities of the White House staff to coordinate the large number of departments and agencies that have been created and the large number of entities in the Executive Office of the President.

Essential Roles of the White House Staff

The President as Chief Executive 4 � Historically, presidents have had only modest sized staffs. � The Brownlow Committee, commissioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt, began its report with the memorable words, “The President needs help. ” � Its report led to the creation in 1939 of the Executive Office of the President, a collection of entities designed to serve the President in providing leadership and direction to the executive branch of government. � The Bureau of the Budget, created in 1921 by the Congress to have responsibility for assisting the President in preparing a unified federal budget was originally placed in the Department of the Treasury. In 1939, it was transferred to the newlycreated Executive Office of the President.

Executive Office of the President White House Office of Management and Budget Council of Economic Advisors National Security Council Staff Office of Policy Development Office of the U. S. Trade Representative Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Administration Office of the Vice President Council on Environmental Quality Office of National Drug Control Policy President’s Intelligence Advisory Board 5

Roles of the White House Staff and the Executive Office of the President 6 �Ensure that the administration’s policies are comprehensive – that major issues are not falling between the cracks. �Ensure that the administration’s policies are coherent – that initiatives of one department are not undercutting those of other departments. �Ensure that the system for advising the president produces informed decisions. �Ensure that decisions are implemented consistent with the intent of the President.

The White House Staff 7 �The White House Staff is the entity most responsible for ensuring that the administration’s policies are comprehensive and coherent, that decisions are informed, and that those decisions are successfully implemented.

The White House Staff as a Holding Company 8 The White House staff is similar to a holding company with a large collection of offices, each of which has its own set of: � Responsibilities � Constituents � Work Flows It is a holding company with three main divisions.

Essential Roles of the White House Staff 9 Care & Feeding Offices • • • Correspondence Staff Secretary Scheduling Advance Speechwriting & Research Personnel White House Counsel Cabinet Liaison Military Aides Executive Clerk Records Management & Administration Policy Offices • National Security • Economic Policy • Domestic Policy Packaging & Selling Offices • Legislative Affairs • Office of the Press Secretary • Communications • Public Engagement • Intergovernmental Affairs • Political Affairs

The Challenge of Coordination

The Challenge of Coordination 11 �The Office of the White House Chief of Staff has increasingly taken on the responsibility for coordinating the elements of the White House staff and coordinating between the White House staff and other entities in the Executive Office of the President. �Since the 1990 s, the White House Chief of Staff typically has had two deputies – one to oversee the care and feeding offices and one to coordinate the policy formulation and packaging offices.

The Challenge of Coordination 12 Chief of Staff Deputy Chief of Staff (Operations) Care & Feeding Offices Deputy Chief of Staff (Policy) Policy Offices Packaging & Selling Offices

Senior Staff with General Portfolios 13 �Many White House staffs include individuals with general portfolios who often have a special relationship to the President and who are not associated with any particular office. �The Obama White House currently has two such senior staff members: Senior Advisor (Valerie Jarrett) Senior Advisor (Brian Deese)

Roles of the White House Chief of Staff

Some Roles of the White House Chief of Staff 15 Operations � Oversees efficient functioning of White House staff � Clarifies assignments and responsibilities � Facilitates vertical coordination among offices � Facilitates horizontal coordination across divisions Counselor � Acts as an all-purpose policy and political advisor Strategy � Oversees development of overall administration strategy Emissary � Serves as the President’s alter ego � Serves as a legislative negotiator � Serves as an administration spokesman The more of these roles the Chief of Staff is expected to fulfill, the greater the potential for overload.

White House Chief of Staff Models

White House Chief of Staff Models 17 Presidents since FDR have adopted one of the following organizational arrangements. Four stand out as most viable for the modern presidency. �The President as Chief (Spokes of the Wheel) �Collegial – Band of Brothers �Strong White House Chief of Staff �Chief of Staff as Chief Operating Officer �Chief of Staff as COO and Strategist Plus

Model 1: The President as Chief 18 Some presidents have determined not to appoint a White House Chief of Staff, choosing instead to undertake much of the necessary coordination of the White House staff themselves. This was true of: Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Jimmy Carter (early in his term)

Model 2: Collegial – Band of Brothers 19 Several presidents have relied on an informal or formal arrangement among a small number of senior advisors to manage the White House staff. Examples include: John Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Ronald Reagan Bill Clinton

Model 3: Strong White House Chief of Staff 20 Other presidents have delegated many of these responsibilities to a strong Chief of Staff. Dwight Eisenhower (Sherman Adams) Richard Nixon (H. R. Haldeman, Alexander Haig) Ronald Reagan (Donald Regan) George H. W. Bush (John Sununu)

Model 4: Chief of Staff as COO 21 Presidents have increasingly looked to their White House Chief of Staff to efficiently manage the operations of the White House. � Oversee efficient functioning of White House staff Principal intermediary between the President and WH senior staff � Clarify assignments and responsibilities Sort out who on WH staff is responsible for what � Facilitate vertical coordination among offices Ensure that the Care & Feeding Offices collaborate successfully Ensure that the Policy Offices produce comprehensive policies without duplicating one another’s efforts Ensure that the Packaging & Selling Offices focus on administration priorities � Facilitate horizontal coordination across divisions Ensure that the Policy Offices and the Packaging & Selling Offices reinforce rather than undermine one another’s efforts.

Model 5: Chief of Staff as COO & Strategist 22 In addition to presidents looking to their Chief of Staff as an effective COO (Model 4), some presidents have also relied on their Chief of Staff to oversee the development of the administration’s overall strategy. This strategy invariably involves: � Determining policy priorities � Building and spending political capital �Deploying legislative, administrative, and rhetorical means to achieve the President’s policies

Model 6: Chief of Staff as COO & Strategist Plus 23 In addition to presidents looking to their Chief of Staff as an effective COO & Strategist (Model 5), some presidents have also heavily utilized their Chief of Staff to serve as an emissary and negotiator in achieving their objectives. �Serves as the President’s alter ego Presidents can delegate many responsibilities to a Chief of Staff who is perceived as close to the President �Serves as a legislative negotiator Presidents have assigned to their Chief of Staff negotiating responsibilities on many key pieces of legislation �Serves as an administration spokesman Presidents have also utilized the White House Chief of Staff as a key spokesman – a decision they sometimes have come to regret

White House – Departmental Relations

White House – Departmental Relations 25 � Every administration has faced the issue of finding the appropriate relationship between the White House and executive departments and agencies. � Many presidents declare their enthusiasm for a form of cabinet government in which they rely heavily on cabinet secretaries as their principal lieutenants. This effort in cabinet government is usually short-lived. (Carter Administration) � Other presidents gravitate toward a dominant White House staff, leaving departments and agencies feeling neglected and sometimes ignored. (Nixon Administration) � Some presidents seek a working partnership, engaging the resources and expertise in departments and agencies while coordinating the development of policy by White House-led councils.

White House P 0 licy Councils 26 � The idea of White House-led interagency councils was a reaction to the policy chaos of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Administration. The first of these – established by statute in 1947 – was the National Security Council. � A central issue is how many councils to have. Too few can lead to policy overload for an individual council. Too many can contribute to confusion regarding who is responsible for what and difficulty in producing coherent policies. � Some administrations have experimented with a relatively large number. Reagan had eight different Cabinet-level policy councils during his first term. � Most have settled on three – National Security Policy, Domestic Policy, and Economic Policy. For a time, George W. Bush added a fourth council dealing with Homeland Security. This was later folded into the National Security Council. � The three council model seems to work well in providing a manageable number of issues without creating overload.

White House Policy Councils 27 The White House Staff National Security Council National Economic Council Domestic Policy Council

Processes for Producing Unified Policies 28 �A central objective for every president is leading a unified administration in dealing with the Congress, the press, and organized interest groups. �Achieving this unity requires careful attention to five key dimensions of the relationship between the White House and departments and agencies. Budget, legislative clearance, and regulatory review Policy formulation Personnel Legislative liaison Press relations

Producing Unified Policies 29 The White House Budget Leg. Clearance Regulatory Rev. Congress Policy Formulation Personnel Press Legislative Liaison Departments and Agencies Press Relations Interest Groups

Budget, Legislative Clearance, and Regulatory Review 30 �The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and its predecessor the Bureau of the Budget have had responsibility for producing a unified federal budget that the president transmits to Congress. �OMB also has responsibility for legislative clearance of testimony by administration officials and legislation sent by the administration to Congress. �OMB’s regulatory review process, established by executive order, approves major regulations issued by departments and agencies.

Policy Formulation 31 �The principal vehicles for advising the president on major policy decisions are the National Security Council, the National Economic Council, and the Domestic Policy Council. �Each cabinet department or agency is represented on at least one of these councils, providing them an avenue for bringing issues to the president through a process that permits him to have the benefit of a full range of views and considerations in making an informed decision.

Personnel 32 �Presidential appointments are of intense interest to the White House and to departments and agencies. The appointment of ambassadors is a classic example of a frequent conflict of these interests. Some administrations have allowed cabinet secretaries great latitude in assembling their departmental “teams. ” (Carter Administration) Other administrations have sought tight White House control of sub-cabinet level appointments. A third approach involves establishing a working partnership in which the White House Office of Presidential Personnel and the respective department have a mutual veto.

Legislative Liaison 33 �The White House Office of Legislative Affairs is small relative to its counterpart in many departments. �Given the modest size of the White House legislative affairs staff, it is crucial that the departmental legislative liaison offices work closely with it. �This generally involves weekly reports and careful monitoring by the White House so that the efforts by departmental personnel reflect presidential priorities.

Press Relations 34 �Given the intense nature of media scrutiny, it is essential that the White House Press Office and the White House Communications Office work closely and effectively with their counterparts in departments and agencies. �This is reflected in a daily conference call led by the White House Press Office with their counterparts in departments and agencies, communicating to them the “line of the day” and ensuring that the administration does not “step on” its own stories.