The West Transformed MiningRailroads Native Americans Cattle Kingdom

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The West Transformed Mining/Railroads Native Americans Cattle Kingdom Farming in the West

The West Transformed Mining/Railroads Native Americans Cattle Kingdom Farming in the West

Vocabulary and Terms Vigilante Transcontinental Railroad Union Pacific Irish immigrants Central Pacific Chinese immigrants

Vocabulary and Terms Vigilante Transcontinental Railroad Union Pacific Irish immigrants Central Pacific Chinese immigrants Promontory Point, Utah Comstock Lode boomtown Travois Teepee Reservation Sitting Bull Sand Creek Massacre Nez Perces Boomers Chief Joseph Sooners Cooperatives Ghost Dance Grange Wounded Knee Populist Party Dawes Act William Jennings Helen Hunt Jackson Bryan Open range Sodbusters Cattle drives Annie Oakley John Deere Cattle kingdom Barbed wire Chisolm Trail Suzette La. Flesche Vaquero Rustlers Buffalo Bill John Chivington Homestead Act Mavericks Leland Stanford

A. The. West Transformed I. Mining and Railroads a. After Civil War, people looked

A. The. West Transformed I. Mining and Railroads a. After Civil War, people looked to the West b. Boom or Bust- rush to find gold and silver 1. Comstock Lode- Nevada richest silver mine a. found by two Irishmen on Henry Comstock’s land b. lode – deposit of ore, such as gold, silver, copper 2. Black Hill, SD- gold

The Comstock Lode was the first major silver discovery in the U. S. A.

The Comstock Lode was the first major silver discovery in the U. S. A. Without it, Nevada could not have attained statehood when it did.

3. Boomtowns- quick towns that grew up to house miners due to discovery of

3. Boomtowns- quick towns that grew up to house miners due to discovery of gold a. many foreigners lived there-multicultural b. vigilantes- groups of self-appointed law keepers- often punished people without trials 1. ghost towns –when mine was exhausted, towns dried up c. Railroads 1. Transcontinental Railroad 1869 a. began with discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill , CA in 1849

Boomtowns and Vigilantes

Boomtowns and Vigilantes

Vigilante committees were formed to enforce the law in the rising boomtowns.

Vigilante committees were formed to enforce the law in the rising boomtowns.

GHOST TOWNS

GHOST TOWNS

b. Union Pacific Railroad –built west from Omaha using Irish immigrants c. Central Pacific

b. Union Pacific Railroad –built west from Omaha using Irish immigrants c. Central Pacific Railroad –built east from Sacramento, Ca using Chinese immigrants 1. Leland Stanford, Gov. of Ca was part owner of Central Pacific- used his political office to ensure clear path for railroad d. Promontory Point, Utah –May 10, 1869 –silver hammer drove in ceremonial gold spike e. impact of railroads 1. new towns; people moved west; territories became states

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD ROUTE

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD ROUTE

PROMENTARY POINT, UTAH

PROMENTARY POINT, UTAH

II. Native Americans Struggle to Survive A. People of the Plains 1. Life in

II. Native Americans Struggle to Survive A. People of the Plains 1. Life in Transition a. Europeans transformed Natives lives 1. horses-brought by Spaniards 2. Guns- from French and British a. Both allowed Native Americans to hunt better b. carried belongs on a travois- small sleds c. lived in teepees- cone-shaped tents made of buffalo hides- easily transported 3. Buffalo- important resource for Native Am.

4. Divisions of Labor a. women managed village life b. Men were hunters and

4. Divisions of Labor a. women managed village life b. Men were hunters and warriors c. Religious life 1. Sun Dance- four-day ceremony brought together Native Americans from many nations 2. Great Spirit –was their ruler of the universe B. Broken Treaties a. Fort Laramie Treaty- 10, 000 Native Am. gathered here to talk to U. S. officials

1. U. S. wanted them to stop following buffalo and settle on their own

1. U. S. wanted them to stop following buffalo and settle on their own “protected” lands a. gold rush sent white settlers to NA lands b. Sand Creek Massacre 1. NA’s forced to give up land around Pikes Peak a. some resisted and attacked homes and trains 2. Colonel John Chivington and 700 volunteers attacked friendly, army-protected Cheyennes’ who waved white flag a. Chivington attacked, killing 100 Cheyenneincluding women and children

BLACK KETTLE JOHN CHIVINGTON

BLACK KETTLE JOHN CHIVINGTON

SAND CREEK MASSACRE After the fight there was a sight I hope I may

SAND CREEK MASSACRE After the fight there was a sight I hope I may never see again. . . Bucks, woman and children, were scalped, fingers cut off to get the rings on them. . . little children shot, while begging for their lives. . . I told the Col. I thought it was murder to jump them friendly Indians. He says in reply; Damn any man or men who are in sympathy with them. "

Letters from soldiers at Sand Creek • From Lt. Joseph Cramer to Maj. Edward

Letters from soldiers at Sand Creek • From Lt. Joseph Cramer to Maj. Edward Wynkoop, Dec. 19, 1864: "This is the first opportunity I have had of writing you since the great Indian Massacre, and for a start, I will acknowledge I am ashamed to own I was in it. . . It is no use for me to tell you how the fight was managed, only I think the Officer in command should be hung. . . • From Lt. Silas Soule to Maj. Edward Wynkoop, Dec. 14, 1864: "The massacre lasted six or eight hours. . . I tell you Ned it was hard to see little children on their knees have their brains beat out by men professing to be civilized. . They were all scalped, and as high as a half a dozen [scalps] taken from one head. They were all horribly mutilated. . . You could think it impossible for white men to butcher and mutilate human beings as they did there, but every word I have told you is the truth, which they do not deny. . . I expect we will have a hell of a time with Indians this winter

c. Buffalo Soldiers- African-American soldiers were most-feared by Native Americans d. End of buffalo-

c. Buffalo Soldiers- African-American soldiers were most-feared by Native Americans d. End of buffalo- killed for food & hides by hunters 2. Last Stand for Custer and Sioux a. reservations- land set aside for Native Americans to live on-usually worthless land b. Sioux and Cheyenne, under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse fought to keep miners off their land 1. Little Bighorn-Gen. George Armstrong Custer attacks Sioux and Cheyenne- he and all troops die a. short-term victory for Sioux- eventually all were put on reservations

JAMES HILL Buffalo Bill

JAMES HILL Buffalo Bill

C. Other Native American Resistance 1. Nez Perces- lived where Idaho, OR, & WA.

C. Other Native American Resistance 1. Nez Perces- lived where Idaho, OR, & WA. meet a. forced to go on reservations b. Chief Joseph flees to Canada with large group 1. traveled 1, 300 miles in 75 days c. caught at border, Chief Joseph surrenders saying “I shall fight no more forever. ” 2. Navajos-forced to live on Pecos River-died of disease and hunger 3. Apaches- Geronimo, leader, resisted for 10 years until captured

Geronimo Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Custer Chief Joseph

Geronimo Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Custer Chief Joseph

4. The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee a. late 1880’s, Native Americans began to

4. The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee a. late 1880’s, Native Americans began to perform a dance across the Plains b. often put them in trance-like state, and they believed they saw their ancestors or ghosts c. Soldiers saw dance as form of uprising 1. kill Sitting Bull in struggle to arrest him and stop dances d. Band of Sioux attempt to flee. 1. soldiers surround them at Wounded Knee and massacre them with machine guns and rifles

Practice of the Ghost Dance movement led to the massacre of at least 153

Practice of the Ghost Dance movement led to the massacre of at least 153 Lakota Sioux. who practiced it as a peaceful protest against the white man’s encroachment on their society.

WOUNDED KNEE

WOUNDED KNEE

THE FROZEN BODY OF ONE OF THE VICTIMS AT WOUNDED KNEE.

THE FROZEN BODY OF ONE OF THE VICTIMS AT WOUNDED KNEE.

5. Failure to Reform a. Call to Reform 1. Susette La. Flesche, Native American,

5. Failure to Reform a. Call to Reform 1. Susette La. Flesche, Native American, wrote articles and lectured on treatment of Indians a. Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor- book that recorded many of treaties broken by U. S. government 2. Dawes Act- tried to make Native Americans farmers. a. each received 160 acres b. failed because dishonest whites cheated them c. tried to make them give up their ways

Helen Hunt Jackson’s novel, A Century of Dishonor, exposed the horrible mistreatment of Native

Helen Hunt Jackson’s novel, A Century of Dishonor, exposed the horrible mistreatment of Native Americans by the Federal government.

REACTION OF THE DAWES ACT

REACTION OF THE DAWES ACT

III. The Cattle Kingdom 1. mavericks, or wild cattle, roamed the open range (unfenced

III. The Cattle Kingdom 1. mavericks, or wild cattle, roamed the open range (unfenced areas) in the West a. wild cattle left by Spaniards b. Need for beef after Civil War 1. this resulted in long drives-cattle drives herding and moving of cattle over long distances to Railroad cities, or cow towns a. Abilene, KS , first cow town as the Chisolm Trail ended there 2. cowhands- learned from vaqueros- Spanish word for cowboy or cowhand

3. Problems with Cattle Drive a. overgrazing –cattle destroyed feeding grounds b. sheepherders and

3. Problems with Cattle Drive a. overgrazing –cattle destroyed feeding grounds b. sheepherders and homesteaders –competed for land c. barbed wire – invented by Joseph Glidden – ended open range d. sheep –ate grass to the ground e. rustlers –stole cattle f. damaged cattle –blind from drought, sick from fever 4. Cattle Kingdom lasted from 1860’s to 1880’s

THE LONGHORN

THE LONGHORN

5. Myths of Wild West a. dime store novels –told exaggerated tales of the

5. Myths of Wild West a. dime store novels –told exaggerated tales of the exploits of Billy the Kid, Wild Bill Hickok, Buffalo Bill b. Annie Oakley –female sharpshooter –ended up touring with Wild West shows and vaudeville (live variety shows)

BILLY THE KID , WHOSE LEGEND SAYS HE KILLED 21 MEN, BUT, IN REALITY,

BILLY THE KID , WHOSE LEGEND SAYS HE KILLED 21 MEN, BUT, IN REALITY, HE PROBABLY KILLED LESS THAN FIVE. Annie Oakley was a female sharpshooter Wild Bill Hickok was a gunfighter, a scout and a lawman.

DIME STORE NOVELS • Dime store novels were written about the various characters in

DIME STORE NOVELS • Dime store novels were written about the various characters in the west, often romanticizing the lives of the people they were written about.

IV. Farming in the West 1. Homestead Act 1862 –allowed head of family to

IV. Farming in the West 1. Homestead Act 1862 –allowed head of family to get 160 acres for free- wanted West settled a. land must be cultivated for 5 years b. homesteaders- settlers who got the free land 2. Hard Life on Plains a. Busting sod- thick surface layer of earth in which roots of grasses tangle with soil b. sodbusters –nickname for farmers who lived in sod houses c. women particularly struggled- loneliness

3. New Technology –helped farmers in cultivating lands a. steel-encased wells b. cast iron

3. New Technology –helped farmers in cultivating lands a. steel-encased wells b. cast iron windmills- brought up water c. Reapers and binders –decreased man hours; increased output d. Barbed wire –cheap fences-wood was scarce e. John Deere –invented steel plow 4. Boomers and Sooners 1. Oklahoma Land Rush -race to get best land a. Boomers- stood on starting line b. Sooners- hid on land; got best parcels 2. 1890 - Frontier closed by Census Bureau

EARLY FARM REAPERS

EARLY FARM REAPERS

JOHN DEERE STEEL PLOW

JOHN DEERE STEEL PLOW

BINDER

BINDER

5. Farmers Organize a. more grain equaled lower prices and profits 1. overproduction -surplus

5. Farmers Organize a. more grain equaled lower prices and profits 1. overproduction -surplus of crops-farmers struggle b. Cooperatives and Political Parties formed 1. Grange –political organization formed to assist farmers with reform issues 2. cooperative –groups of farmers pooled their money to buy lots of supplies at a discount 3. Populist Party- party that pushed for social reforms-farmers joined a. wanted to use silver (along with gold) to create inflation and raise prices b. William Jennings Bryan-ran for president-lost

Other terms Colonel George Custer Sun Dance Great Spirit Buffalo soldiers Little Big Horn

Other terms Colonel George Custer Sun Dance Great Spirit Buffalo soldiers Little Big Horn • Problems with the Cattle Drive • Technological changes that helped the farmer.