The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae the
The vertebral column脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
一、Vertebrae 椎骨 v v v There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C. 7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T. 12 Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L. 5 Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S. 5 sacrum 骶骨 Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co. 3~4 coccyx尾骨
General features of vertebrae v v Vertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板 v process (7): spinous process 棘突 transverse process 横突 sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关节突 v v v Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管 Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔
Regional variations of vertebrae Cervical vertebrae v Vertebrae Body: small v Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular v Spinous processes: short and bifid in C 3 to C 5, long in C 6, and longer in C 7 v Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔 v Articular processes: horizontal
Atypical vertebeae v Atlas寰椎 (C 1) Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟
v Axis枢椎 (C 2): distinguished by dens齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas
Carotid tubercle: 颈动脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C 6 v Vertebra prominens 隆椎 (C 7): contains long and nonbifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes v
Thoracic vertebrae v Vertebrae Body : heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹 v Vertebral foramen: smaller, rounder v Spinous processes: long, point obliquely downward v Transverse processes: transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹 v Articular processes: coronal
Lumbar vertebrae v v v Vertebrae Body: larger, kidney-shape Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular Spinous processes: projects horizontally Transverse processes: long Articular processes: sagittal
Sacrum v Anterior surface: promontory岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) v Posterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔, sacral cornu 骶角 v Lateral part: auricular surface耳状面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆
二、Articulations of Vertebrae 椎骨的连结 Joints of the vertebral bodies Joints of the vertebral arches
1. Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连 Intervertebral discs 结 椎间盘 v v between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulpous髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core ) Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage
Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带 v v Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S 1~S 2 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column Posterior longitudinal ligament 后纵韧带 v v Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C 2 vertebra to sacrum Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs
Hernia of nucleus pulpous 髓核脱出
2. Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结 v v v Ligamenta flava 黄韧带― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带 Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带 Ligamentum nuchae项韧带 Intertansverse ligament横突间 韧带 v Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节
三、Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节 Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles v Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas v Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head v
四、Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节 v Three synovial joints between atlas and axis Laterally, paired joints between articulating faces Median joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas
• Supported by ligaments apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带 alar ligament 翼状韧带 transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆 膜 • Action ― allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column
五、Normal Curves of vertebral column v v Cervical curvature颈曲 convex forward Thoracic curvature胸曲 convex backward Lumbar curvature腰曲 convex forward Sacral curvature骶曲 convex backward
六、Movement of the vertebral column • • • flexion extension lateral flexion rotation circumduction
脊 柱 裂 Spina bifida cystica
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