The Use of Advanced LeadAcid Batteries and Ultra

The Use of Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries and Ultra. Batteries® in Various Applications Including Renewable Energy 18 th International Lead Conference Pb 2013 Prague KEVIN SMITH JUNE 2013 1

INDEX § Renewable Energy o o § § Sources Needs Applications Types Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries Ultra. Battery Renewable Energy Applications Conclusions ® 2

East Penn Manufacturing Co. PENNSYLVANIA, USA 3

What is Renewable Energy? Time variable • Wind • Solar PV and solar thermal • Wave Predictable • • Hydro Geothermal Biomass Tidal Factors • Large scale & small scale • Energy balance against power balance • Variability and Predictability • Surplus and Shortfall • Markets and subsidies • Short and long term reserves 4

Renewable Energy Applications § Off grid o Residential o Oil and Gas • Telemetry • Cathodic o Lighting o Alarm and Security o Nav-aid o Cellular o Communications o Mt. Top o Border patrol o Pumps § On grid w/battery o o o o Cellular UPS Telecom CATV Residential Traffic Control Communications Alarm and Security 5

Why is Energy Storage Needed? § Supply o More Renewable Applications o Use of Distributed Resources o Development of lower carbon sources o Negative prices for energy o Resiliency § Demand o o Digital Society demand Larger peak demands Electric Vehicles Seasonal Summer Peaking o Smart Grid • Natural events • Deliberate attacks 6

Energy Storage is becoming a Reality! § Worldwide (CNESA) § § § § 2011 May 2011 Aug. 2011 Nov. 2012 Feb. 2012 June 2013 Jan. 2013 Mar. 370 MW 455 MW 545 MW 580 MW 605 MW 670 MW 686 MW 7

Relative Cost of Solar Power Declining Rapidly U. S. Average Levelized Costs, 2009 vs 2011 (Dollars per megawatt hour) PLANT TYPE Levelized Cost 2009 Levelized Cost 2011 Advanced Coal Combined-cycle gas $109. 4 63. 1 $123. 0 65. 6 Combustion turbine gas 103. 5 104. 6 Nuclear 113. 9 108. 4 Biomass 112. 5 111. 0 Wind 97. 0 86. 6 Solar 210. 7 144. 3 Source: U. S. Energy Information Agency 8

The New Dimension in a Lead Acid World PSOC Ultra. Battery Traction Battery State of Charge New Lead-Acid Market 100% 80% 20% 1881 1960 1980 0% Today 9

Advanced Lead Acid Batteries East Penn - Synergy o Specialized Current Collectors o Carbons in Negative Plate o Positive Plate Additives § ALABC (Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium) sponsored projects 10

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Accelerated Life Cycle 12

Background § Ultra. Battery® invented by: CSIRO § Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization o 2005; CSIRO and Furukawa - R&D activities and marketing o 2008; East Penn – License for Automotive and Traction – North America and China o 2010; East Penn/Ecoult – License for Stationary - Worldwide excluding Japan and Thailand 13

What is the Ultra. Battery®? – + – Separator + Pb. O 2 Carbon electrode Pb Lead–acid cell + i Pb. O 2 i 1 i – Asymmetric supercapacitor Pb i 2 Carbon electrode 14

Ultra. Battery® Testing 15

HPPC Performance – Ultra. Battery® vs. Conventional AGM 16

RHOLAB Low Voltage Comparison: Ultra. Battery® vs Conventional VRLA 17

Ultra. Battery® Performance vs. Conventional VRLA * East Penn Ultra. Battery® shows no capacity loss after more than 13, 000 cycles without recovering the battery * After Recovery 18

Ultra. Battery® Applications Stationary • Hampton Wind Farm • PNM Solar Management • Hydro Tasmania Wind/Solar 19

Hampton Wind Farm 20

CUB – Containerized Ultra. Battery® 21

Energy Storage for Wind 22

Hampton Wind Farm Variation 23

PNM Solar Site Prosperity Project 24

PNM Solar Site Prosperity Project 25

Smoothing - Ultra. Battery Cloud Cover Reduces the Output of the PV Array Battery Makes Up the Output Difference Shifting – Advanced VRLA Battery Used to Shift Power to a Higher Demand Point 26

PNM Solar Site Prosperity Project 27

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Why Renewables? § International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated. 2011 1. 3 Billion People without access to electricity. Living in areas too sparsely populated to extend the grid. 2030 To achieve Universal energy access 379 TWh on grid 399 Twh mini grid 171 TWh off grid 29

Power ranges for different Rural Electrification Systems Power Output (k. W) 30

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Battery Energy Storage § Lead-Acid o Established and reliable with know characteristics o Existing Infrastructure o Some new developments in progress and spin-offs from improved HRPSo. C for automotive may assist o Large new markets available to support renewables and smart grids o Low cost o Safe o Fully recyclable at end-of-life 38

Thank You! 39