The US Constitution Amendments to the Constitution Amendments

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The US Constitution Amendments to the Constitution

The US Constitution Amendments to the Constitution

Amendments 1 -10 • The “Bill of Rights” – Hamilton’s Objection (Federalist #84) •

Amendments 1 -10 • The “Bill of Rights” – Hamilton’s Objection (Federalist #84) • Unnecessary • Dangerous • Originally a part of a slate of 12 – 1 st proposed amendment voted down – 2 nd proposed amendment not ratified until 1992 • Amendments 1 -3 – Limits against Congress • Amendments 2 -5 – Limits against the Executive • Amendments 5 -8 – Limits against Judiciary • Amendments 9 -10 – Limits against Federal Government generally – Reserves residual powers to states or to the people – Answers Hamilton’s Objection to Bills of Rights

Amendments 11 -12 • Amendment 11 – Limits Federal Judicial Power • Federal Courts

Amendments 11 -12 • Amendment 11 – Limits Federal Judicial Power • Federal Courts have no power over certain cases – Non-citizens of a State v. a State • Amendment 12 – Modifies Electoral College ballot system • Tacit recognition of interstate political parties

The “Reconstruction” Amendments • Amendment 13 – Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude – Except

The “Reconstruction” Amendments • Amendment 13 – Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude – Except as punishment for crimes for which one shall have been duly convicted • Amendment 14 – Defines US citizenship – Limits states from deprivation • Due Process of law • Equal protection of law • Privileges & immunities of citizenship – Disqualification of rebellious persons from federal office • Amendment 15 – Limits the United States and states from deprivation • “On account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” – Specifically of the right to vote • Recognizes voting as a right rather than a privilege

The “Progressive” Amendments • • Amendment 16 – Income tax without apportionment Amendment 17

The “Progressive” Amendments • • Amendment 16 – Income tax without apportionment Amendment 17 – Direct election of Senators – Changes relationship of states to federal gov’t Amendment 18 – Prohibits manufacture, sale & transportation of alcoholic beverages – Provides concurrent enforcement power to Federal gov’t and states Amendment 19 – Limits the United States and states from deprivation – On account of sex • Specifically of the right to vote – Repeats language of Amendment 15, applies to women

Amendment 20 • • • Establishes Inauguration date of the President and Vice-President –

Amendment 20 • • • Establishes Inauguration date of the President and Vice-President – Changes from March 4 to January 20 Mandates Congressional meetings – Must meet at least once a year – Must meet on January 3, at least Refines rule of succession to the Presidency – If president-elect dies before taking office, VP-elect becomes president – Tacit recognition of partisan ‘tickets’

Devolution: Amendment 21 • Repeals Amendment 18 – Prohibits transportation of alcohol into states

Devolution: Amendment 21 • Repeals Amendment 18 – Prohibits transportation of alcohol into states and territories if in violation of state or territorial law – Reserves power to prohibit alcoholic beverages to states

The “Truman” Amendment • Amendment 22 – Limits any one President to two elected

The “Truman” Amendment • Amendment 22 – Limits any one President to two elected terms – Limits Presidents who succeed as a result of death or resignation to one elected term if • Succession occurred before the end of the second year of the previous president’s term – Total time a person may hold the office of President: • 9 years, 364 days

Amendment 23 • Establishes Presidential electors for the District of Columbia – ‘treatment as

Amendment 23 • Establishes Presidential electors for the District of Columbia – ‘treatment as state’ – Reinforces idea of president as “superrepresentative” of the Union of People

Amendment 24 • Limits the United States and states from deprivation – On account

Amendment 24 • Limits the United States and states from deprivation – On account of failure to pay a poll tax or other tax • Specifically of the right to vote • Recognizes existence of primary elections

The “Johnson” Amendment: Amendment 25 • Clarifies Presidential succession – In case of removal

The “Johnson” Amendment: Amendment 25 • Clarifies Presidential succession – In case of removal by death or resignation • Provides for replacing vicepresident – In case of removal by death or resignation • Provides for ‘acting president’ – In case of temporary disability – Requires Speaker of the House and President pro tempore action – Provides for resumption of duties

Amendment 26 • Limits the United States and states from deprivation – On account

Amendment 26 • Limits the United States and states from deprivation – On account of age if at least 18 years of age • Specifically of the right to vote

Amendment 27 • Limits against Congress – Varying compensation (changes in pay) – Until

Amendment 27 • Limits against Congress – Varying compensation (changes in pay) – Until an election for the House of Representatives shall have taken place – Proposed by James Madison in 1790 – Remained unratified until 1992 – Did not contain a sunset provision • Amendments 18, 20, 21, 22 contain sunset provisions