The Urinary System Foundation Standard 1 Academic Foundation

The Urinary System Foundation Standard 1: Academic Foundation Understand human anatomy, physiology, common diseases and disorders, and medical math principles. 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems • structures of the urinary system • gross and microscopic anatomy • functions of the urinary system • process of urine formation • urine composition • homeostatic balance 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention

Urinary System The Excretory System “Water Purification Plant” 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system)

Functions of the Urinary System • Produces of urine • Maintains homeostasis of blood • Maintains blood pressure • Helps regulate the body’s p. H • Stimulates red blood cell production • Helps in many metabolic processes 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (functions of urinary system, homeostatic balance)

Anatomy of the Urinary System Kidneys (2) - make urine Ureters (2) - carry urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder Bladder - expandable sac that holds urine Urethra - tubing that transports urine to outside of body Urinary meatus – external opening from the bladder to the outside 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system, )

Anatomy of the Kidney Renal Capsule - fibrous covering of connective tissue Renal Hilum – indentation giving the kidney its bean shape – Renal arteries and veins enter here – Ureters attach here 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system, )

Anatomy of the Kidney

Nephrons The functional units of the kidney – filter blood to remove waste products • – about 120 to 150 quarts of blood daily forms urine • about 1 to 2 quarts of urine daily • Microscopic • Portions of the nephron are located in both the cortex and medulla areas of the kidney • Blood and urine flow from the outside area (cortex) to the inner regions (medulla) of the kidney 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system, gross and microscopic anatomy)

Anatomy of the Nephrons • Renal Corpuscle - an expanded bulb-like end of the nephron located in the cortex of the kidney – Contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule – Filtration occurs • Renal Tubules - thin twisting ducts of tubes – Portions of the renal tubule are located within both the renal cortex and medulla – Absorption and secretion occur 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures of urinary system, microscopic anatomy, process of urine formation)

Anatomy of the Nephrons 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures of urinary system, microscopic anatomy, )

Formation of Urine Filtration Reabsorption Secretion 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (process of urine formation)

The Renal Corpuscle Glomerular Filtration • blood passes through the filter – excess water – electrolytes – glucose – fatty acids – amino acids – nitrogenous wastes – vitamins • substances are either reabsorbed or excreted 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (, process of urine formation)

Proximal Convoluted Tubule • Connects the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle • Reabsorption by osmosis occurs – glucose – sodium – chloride – potassium – urea – phosphate – water 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (process of urine formation)

The Renal Tubules Reabsorb fluid back into the blood • Descending- reabsorbs certain solutes, water and ions (permeable) • Loop of Henle • Ascending reabsorbs salts then more water (osmosis) exits the descending limb which in turn creates concentrated urine • Distal convoluted tubule- responsible for maintaining balanced p. H levels of both blood and urine 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (process of urine formation)

Tubular Secretion Composition of Urine 95% of total urine volume is water 5% solutes from cellular metabolism or other outside sources such as drugs Organic Components – urea – uric acid – creatinine – potassium – ketone bodies Inorganic Components – chloride – sodium – calcium – ammonium – magnesium – phosphate – sulfate 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (urine composition)

Ureters Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder • an extension of the renal pelvis • 25 to 30 cm long (10 to 12 inches) Primary function is to transport urine • gravity (hydrostatic pressure) • peristaltic action 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system, )

Urinary Bladder • A hollow muscular organ that stores urine • Shape is dependent upon how much urine is present at any given time, rugae allow for expansion • When filled with urine it is somewhat pear shaped 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system, )

Urethra • A small tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body – 2 inches in females – 8 inches in males • Urethral orifice (meatus) – the opening of the urethra to the exterior • External urethral sphincter – sphincter muscle controlling urination 1. 13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary). k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system, )

Diseases and Disorders: Urinary System • Abnormal Constituents of Urine • Cystitis • Glomerulonephritis • Kidney Stones • Renal Failure 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney disease, ). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention

Abnormal Constituents of Urine 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney disease, ). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention

Abnormal Constituents of Urine Ketone bodies (ketosis or acetonuria) • diabetes • starvation Bilirubin (bilirubinuria) • too few carbohydrates Leukocytes (pyuria) • indicates infection in the urinary system Urobilogen (urobilogenuria) Microbes • bacteria 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney disease, ). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention

Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder Can be caused by: • injury • infection • chemicals Symptoms include: • burning sensation upon urination • painful urination • frequent urination • urgency • low back pain • possibly bed wetting 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney disease, ). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention

Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys • Also called Bright’s Disease • Can be caused by an allergic reaction to toxins given off by bacteria that have infected another part of the body • Can result in kidney failure 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney disease, ). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention

Kidney Stones • Renal Calculi – crystalline masses present in the pelvis of the kidney (calcium an uric acid) • composed primarily of – oxalates – phosphates – carbonates • Size of stones varies • Treatment- shock therapy, uteroscope, ot surgery 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney disease, ). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention

Renal Failure A decrease or cessation of glomerular filtration (less than 10% of function) • Acute Renal Failure (ARF) – sudden worsening of renal function – may be a result of hypovolemic shock • Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) – progressive, irreversible decline in function – can be caused by • • chronic glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis congenital polycystic disease traumatic loss of kidney tissue 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney disease, ). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention

Treatment of Renal Failure • Transplantation • Dialysis – Hemodialysis • Shunts put in artery and vein • Blood circulates through dialysis machine that allows diffusion of small ions and molecules across a membrane while dialysis fluid on the other side keep important metabolites in circulation – Peritoneal dialysis • Dialysis fluid introduced into the peritoneum which acts as a dialysis membrane, then fluid is removed 1. 21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system – Urinary System