The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 n

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948 n n Whereas recognition of the inherent

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948 n n Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948 n n All human beings are born

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948 n n All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status

The United Nations

The United Nations

United Nations Created n n n Peace keeping organization General Assembly Security Council- power

United Nations Created n n n Peace keeping organization General Assembly Security Council- power to investigate and settle disputes • 5 permanent members (US, USSR, China, France, GB)- each has the veto power

Was the United Nations able to keep the peace?

Was the United Nations able to keep the peace?

IDK… There are lots of rivalries today!

IDK… There are lots of rivalries today!

Kobe vs Le. Bron

Kobe vs Le. Bron

Duke vs UNC

Duke vs UNC

Mc. Donald’s vs Burger King

Mc. Donald’s vs Burger King

Coke vs. Pepsi

Coke vs. Pepsi

Rangers vs Devils

Rangers vs Devils

LL Cool J vs Kool Moe Dee

LL Cool J vs Kool Moe Dee

But what was the greatest rivalry ever?

But what was the greatest rivalry ever?

The Cold War Begins 1945 -1991

The Cold War Begins 1945 -1991

Cold War Characterisitcs n n n A political, strategic and ideological struggle between the

Cold War Characterisitcs n n n A political, strategic and ideological struggle between the US and the USSR that spread throughout the world-Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Each side denied the others right to exist. Each side used propaganda against the other.

Why did allies become enemies? n n Allied powers: US, USSR, GB, F But…

Why did allies become enemies? n n Allied powers: US, USSR, GB, F But… U. S. and USSR not happy with one another… • U. S. mad at USSR Non-aggression pact with Hitler • Stalin was mad that the US hadn’t invaded Europe before 1944 • failure of the Soviet Union to withdraw from Eastern Europe Soviet dominance over Eastern

Capitalism VS Communism (free market vs command) n n n All property, including the

Capitalism VS Communism (free market vs command) n n n All property, including the means of production are privately owned Private businesses and individuals are free from public control- make own econ. Decisions Prices are determined by supply and demand Competition Socio-economic classes n n n Gov’t owns means of production, distribution and exchange Gov’t officials make all basic econ decisions Gov’t plans the economy Limited production of consumer goods- industrial growth is the target Gov’t determines prices and wages No Social Classes (supposedly)

US & USSR have different goals n n n United States Encourage democracy Prevent

US & USSR have different goals n n n United States Encourage democracy Prevent rise of communism Gain access to raw materials & markets Reunite Germany to stabilize Europe n n n USSR Encourage communism Rebuild war damaged cities & industry Control Eastern Europe to secure borders Balance the US influence in Western Europe Keep Germany divided

Now back to Germany? What should we do with this loser?

Now back to Germany? What should we do with this loser?

“YOU CAN’T HAVE ALL OF GERMANY! I WANT IT!”- Stalin

“YOU CAN’T HAVE ALL OF GERMANY! I WANT IT!”- Stalin

“YOU CAN’T HAVE ALL OF GERMANY! I WANT IT!”Roosevelt/Truman

“YOU CAN’T HAVE ALL OF GERMANY! I WANT IT!”Roosevelt/Truman

Yalta Conference

Yalta Conference

Yalta Conference n n February 1945 (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) Decision to divide Germany Stalin

Yalta Conference n n February 1945 (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) Decision to divide Germany Stalin promised to allow Eastern Europe to hold free elections BUT DOES HE?

The Iron Curtain n “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic

The Iron Curtain n “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe “ Churchill

NATO vs Warsaw Pact n What are Truman and Stalin up to?

NATO vs Warsaw Pact n What are Truman and Stalin up to?

West vs East USA vs USSR America vs Soviet Union

West vs East USA vs USSR America vs Soviet Union

NATO n n Set up in 1949 by western nations to co-ordinate their defense

NATO n n Set up in 1949 by western nations to co-ordinate their defense against Russia. It consisted of: -America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway and Italy n n n committed the United States to a peacetime military alliance Based on principle of COLLECTIVE SECURITY Still around today

Warsaw pact n n n Response to NATO (1949) and the remilitarization of West

Warsaw pact n n n Response to NATO (1949) and the remilitarization of West Germany in 1954 [both were viewed as a threat to the Eastern countries] Supposedly the pact was based on total equality of member nations & mutual noninterference in one another’s internal affairs In reality—the Pact quickly became a powerful political tool for the Soviet Union to hold sway over its allies and harness the powers of their combined military.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) v United States v Belgium v Britain v Canada

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) v United States v Belgium v Britain v Canada v Denmark v France v Luxemburg v Netherlands v Norway v Portugal v 1952: Greece & Turkey v Iceland v 1955: West Germany v Italy v 1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955) } } U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia } }

Warsaw Pact (1955) } } U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia } } East Germany Hungary Poland Rumania

Truman Doctrine (1947) n n America promised it would support free countries to help

Truman Doctrine (1947) n n America promised it would support free countries to help fight communism. Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists.

Marshall Plan 1948 n n GOAL: Help Europe recover from the damage caused by

Marshall Plan 1948 n n GOAL: Help Europe recover from the damage caused by the war. There were two motives for this: • Quick economic recovery would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American industry. • Healthy economy is more likely to: RESIST COMMUNISM

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948 -49)

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948 -49)

USSR’s First Atomic Test 1949

USSR’s First Atomic Test 1949

Map 28. 1: The New European Alliance Systems in the 1950 s and 1960

Map 28. 1: The New European Alliance Systems in the 1950 s and 1960 s

Senator Joe Mc. Carthy—Red Scare n 1950 s Red Scare: fears of subversion can

Senator Joe Mc. Carthy—Red Scare n 1950 s Red Scare: fears of subversion can lead to the erosion of constitutional liberties

n n During this time one state required pro wrestlers to take a loyalty

n n During this time one state required pro wrestlers to take a loyalty oath before stepping into the ring. In Indiana, a group of anticommunists indicted Robin Hood as communist literature and forced librarians to pull the book from the shelves. Baseball's Cincinnati Reds renamed themselves the "Redlegs. “ Participation, or even past participation, in extremist movements was viewed as un-American

US Test Hydrogen Bomb-1952 n n 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic

US Test Hydrogen Bomb-1952 n n 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands

United States Government supported dictatorships in economically less developed nations since World War II

United States Government supported dictatorships in economically less developed nations since World War II because they were ANTI-COMMUNISTS!

Korean War (1950 -1953 Cease Fire) n n n Korea: divided at the 38

Korean War (1950 -1953 Cease Fire) n n n Korea: divided at the 38 th Parallel between U. S. (south of line) and U. S. S. R (north of line) Absence of free elections throughout peninsula=increased tension Cross-border raids and fighting escalated to full scale war on June 25 1950 1 st significant armed conflict of Cold War—the United Nations used military War— force to oppose aggression 28, 000 U. S. Troops remain in S. Korea General Mac. Arthur challenged the concept of civilian control over the military and was relieved of command

Korea 2010 n n n S. Korea blames N. Korea—Kim Jong IL for March

Korea 2010 n n n S. Korea blames N. Korea—Kim Jong IL for March 26 th sinking of Pyongyang—Capital of N. warship, Cheonan. Korea 46 killed (violation of 1953 cease fire) Kim ordered 1. 2 million troops ready for combat Seoul—Capital of Republic of Korea (South)

N. Korean military exercise— Tuesday—May, 25 th 2010!! South Korean soldiers check fences set

N. Korean military exercise— Tuesday—May, 25 th 2010!! South Korean soldiers check fences set up along the demilitarized zone between South and North Korea, in Yanggu, South Korea, on Monday.

Vietnam War n n Communist North vs. Anti-Communist South War fought to prevent a

Vietnam War n n Communist North vs. Anti-Communist South War fought to prevent a communist take over of South Vietnam

Hungarian Revolt 1956 n Imre Nagy—Nationalist & communist • Ended 1 party rule •

Hungarian Revolt 1956 n Imre Nagy—Nationalist & communist • Ended 1 party rule • Got rid of Soviet troops • Withdrew Hungary from Warsaw Pact • Soviet union sends troops & Tanks • 1, 000’s died • Revolt suppressed

Czechoslovakia 1968 n Alexander Dubcek • Calls for liberal reforms • Eased censorship •

Czechoslovakia 1968 n Alexander Dubcek • Calls for liberal reforms • Eased censorship • Plan for new constitution • Troops sent in • Gov’t overturned & communist dictatorship set up

The Vietnam War n n n President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops

The Vietnam War n n n President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965 Domino Theory • If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations in Asia would fall to communism President Richard Nixon (1913 -1994) vows to bring an honorable end Begins withdrawing troops Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops

Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

U. S. responds with Explorer I in 2/1/58

U. S. responds with Explorer I in 2/1/58

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista 1/1/59

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista 1/1/59

U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet

U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

USSR: Yuri Gagarin 1 st human in space 4/12/61

USSR: Yuri Gagarin 1 st human in space 4/12/61

Construction of Berlin Wall 1961 • In 1960 more than 360, 000 people left

Construction of Berlin Wall 1961 • In 1960 more than 360, 000 people left East Berlin and made permanent homes in the West • The Wall was built to keep people in! http: //www. berlin. de/mauer/geschichte/index. en. html

Brandenberg Gate and Checkpoint Charlie

Brandenberg Gate and Checkpoint Charlie

USA: John Glenn—orbits the earth 1962

USA: John Glenn—orbits the earth 1962

The Cuban Missile Crisis n n n Fidel Castro (b. 1927) • Overthrows Fulgencio

The Cuban Missile Crisis n n n Fidel Castro (b. 1927) • Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, 1959 • Established a communist regime Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 Discovery by US of missile bases being built President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba

Bay of Pigs

Bay of Pigs

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis

Range of Soviet Missiles Launched From Cuba

Range of Soviet Missiles Launched From Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

Neil Armstrong “That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind”

Neil Armstrong “That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind” July 21, 1969

Nixon Visits Moscow Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev toasted United States President Richard Nixon in

Nixon Visits Moscow Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev toasted United States President Richard Nixon in Moscow, marking the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty on May 26, 1972.

SALT I TREATY SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation

SALT I TREATY SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement, also known as Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the addition of new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of older intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled.

1980 Election Jimmy Carter vs. Ronald Reagan

1980 Election Jimmy Carter vs. Ronald Reagan

SDI- “Star Wars” 1984—Policy of exploring technology space based lasers set up for the

SDI- “Star Wars” 1984—Policy of exploring technology space based lasers set up for the purpose of shooting down oncoming missiles and warheads.

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR

INF Treaty 1987—Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty—the first nuclear arms agreement to reduce arms instead

INF Treaty 1987—Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty—the first nuclear arms agreement to reduce arms instead of establishing ceilings that could not be exceeded.

Berlin Wall Comes Down Nov. 9, 1989

Berlin Wall Comes Down Nov. 9, 1989

Discussion n n Why did the US win the Cold War? Why did the

Discussion n n Why did the US win the Cold War? Why did the USSR lose the Cold War?

1. 2. 3. We had close ties with our Allies and the USSR didn’t.

1. 2. 3. We had close ties with our Allies and the USSR didn’t. China started siding with us after 1972. The Soviet economy was in shambles whereas the US’s was flourishing. a. Huge deficit b. High inflation c. Corruption d. Social problems e. Shortage of basic needs (food, housing)

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR

4. The strong anti-communist presidency of Reagan. 5. Gorbachev’s willingness for change and reform.

4. The strong anti-communist presidency of Reagan. 5. Gorbachev’s willingness for change and reform. a. GLASNOST & PERESTROIKA Glasnost-Soviet policy of openly and frankly discussing economic and political realities: initiated under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. Perestroika-encouragement of limited private ownership

b. admitted Soviet mistakes c. communist system had failed 6. Arms Reduction Talks Ø

b. admitted Soviet mistakes c. communist system had failed 6. Arms Reduction Talks Ø SALT, INF, Reagan-Gorbachev meetings

7. Soviet Mistakes a. invasion of Afghanistan b. ignoring social concerns c. spent everything

7. Soviet Mistakes a. invasion of Afghanistan b. ignoring social concerns c. spent everything on military

Cold War Pop Culture in the 80’s n n n n Star Wars Rocky

Cold War Pop Culture in the 80’s n n n n Star Wars Rocky IV War Games Red Dawn Miracle Spies Like Us James Bond n 99 Red Baloons

Rocky IV…

Rocky IV…

War Games

War Games

n American Politics and Society in the 1950 s Influence of the New Deal

n American Politics and Society in the 1950 s Influence of the New Deal • New Deal influence continued by Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson n Prosperity of the 1950’s From left: Truman, JFK, LBJ n Mc. Carthyism and the “Red Scare”

n n n Decade of Upheaval: America in the Johnson and the Great Society

n n n Decade of Upheaval: America in the Johnson and the Great Society 1960’s • War on Poverty • Job Corps • Department of Housing and Urban Development Civil Rights Movement • Civil Rights Act, 1964 • Voting Rights Act, 1965 • Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929 -1968) n Southern Christian Leadership Conference n Assassinated, 1968 • Malcolm X • Summer of 1965 Antiwar Protests • Kent State University, 1970

The Development of Canada n n Economic Development Military Concerns • Supports the United

The Development of Canada n n Economic Development Military Concerns • Supports the United Nations • NORAD

The Emergence of a New Society n The Structure of European Society • Middle

The Emergence of a New Society n The Structure of European Society • Middle class joined by new group of white collar workers • Further urbanization • Rising income • Mass tourism

Creation of the Welfare State n n n History of Social Welfare Policies Extension

Creation of the Welfare State n n n History of Social Welfare Policies Extension of old benefits and creation of new ones Removal of class barriers Increase in state spending on social services Gender Issues • Work, motherhood, and individual rights

Women in the Postwar Western World n n Participation in the workforce declines until

Women in the Postwar Western World n n Participation in the workforce declines until end of 1950 s “Baby Boom” • Birth control n n Increased employment in the 1960 s Feminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation • Right to vote • Simone de Beauvoir (1908 -1986) n The Second Sex, 1949 • Betty Friedan (b. 1921) n n The Feminine Mystique National Organization for Women (NOW)

Social Revolutions n n The Permissive Society • Sexual revolution • Breakdown of the

Social Revolutions n n The Permissive Society • Sexual revolution • Breakdown of the traditional family • Drug culture Education and Student Revolt • Higher education becoming more widespread • Problems n Overcrowding n Professors who paid too little attention to students n Authoritative administrators n Seemingly irrelevant education • Student strikes in France, 1968 • Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam

Postwar Art and Literature n Art Jackson Pollock • Jean Dubuffet • Abstract Impressionism

Postwar Art and Literature n Art Jackson Pollock • Jean Dubuffet • Abstract Impressionism n Jackson Pollock (1912 – 1956) • Pop Art n n Andy Warhol (1930 – 1987) Literature • Theater of the Absurd n n Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot Günter Grass, The Tin Drum Andy Warhol

The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism n n Existentialism • Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980) •

The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism n n Existentialism • Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 – 1980) • Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) The Revival of Religion • Karl Barth (1886 – 1968) • Karl Rahner (1904 – 1984) • Vatican II Sartre Camus

The Explosion of Popular Culture n n Culture as a Consumer Commodity • Link

The Explosion of Popular Culture n n Culture as a Consumer Commodity • Link between mass culture and mass consumer society The Americanization of the World • US influence on world culture • Movies • Television • Popular music