The United States in World War II Chapter

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The United States in World War II Chapter 25

The United States in World War II Chapter 25

Essential Question w Is there any ethical problem (is it wrong) to play war

Essential Question w Is there any ethical problem (is it wrong) to play war games of battles that really happened or watch movies like Saving Private Ryan for entertainment?

Mobilizing for Defense 25 -1

Mobilizing for Defense 25 -1

Selective Service and the G. I. w G. I. – Government Issue n The

Selective Service and the G. I. w G. I. – Government Issue n The nickname given to enlisted WWII soldiers w Selective Service – the draft n Men who did not sign up for the military were called to military service

Women in the Military w George Marshall: Army Chief of Staff n n Started

Women in the Military w George Marshall: Army Chief of Staff n n Started the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps Organized women to do non-combat work for the army in WWII

Discrimination in the Military w African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans

Discrimination in the Military w African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans were put into segregated troops and given the worst military jobs w Huge groups of these soldiers volunteered for the war w It was ironic to segregate troops while fighting to liberate people from unfair leaders

Filipino Troops

Filipino Troops

War Production w Car factories in the US shut down and were used for

War Production w Car factories in the US shut down and were used for making tanks, planes, boats, and command cars w Many factories went from making household goods to things needed in the war w With millions of men going to fight, millions of women took over work in the factories

Women in Factories w http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Whswq. Z h 2 Rc 4

Women in Factories w http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Whswq. Z h 2 Rc 4 w http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=mgpv. KX LTwr 8

African Americans at Home w Still given the worst jobs in factories w Asa

African Americans at Home w Still given the worst jobs in factories w Asa Philip Randolph: a labor leader who planned a huge march on Washington to protest poor treatment of African Americans in factories w FDR said if Randolph called off the march he would work to end discrimination in the workplace

War Science w Office of Scientific Research and Development n n n Created by

War Science w Office of Scientific Research and Development n n n Created by FDR in 1941 Developed better sonar and radar Developed the use of DDT against insects Developed drugs like penicillin that saved soldiers Worked to develop the atomic bomb

Manhattan Project w Group of top scientists in New York who worked to create

Manhattan Project w Group of top scientists in New York who worked to create the atomic bomb

Government Agencies Control the Economy (1942 -1945) w Office of Price Administration w Fought

Government Agencies Control the Economy (1942 -1945) w Office of Price Administration w Fought inflation by freezing wages, prices, and rents w Rationed foods such as meat, butter, cheese, veggies, sugar, and coffee

Government Agencies Control the Economy (1942 -1945) w National War Labor Board w Limited

Government Agencies Control the Economy (1942 -1945) w National War Labor Board w Limited Wage Increases w Allowed negotiated benefits (vaca, pensions, insurance) w Kept unions stable by forbidding workers from changing unions

Government Agencies Control the Economy (1942 -1945) w War Production Board w Rationed fuel

Government Agencies Control the Economy (1942 -1945) w War Production Board w Rationed fuel important materials w Dept. of Treasury w Issued War Bonds to raise $ w Revenue Act of 1942 w Extended income tax to raise $

Government Agencies Control the Economy (1942 -1945) w Smith-Connally Anti. Strike Act (1943) w

Government Agencies Control the Economy (1942 -1945) w Smith-Connally Anti. Strike Act (1943) w Limited the right to strike in industries crucial to the war effort w Gave President the power to take over factories that were in strike

25 -2 The War for Europe and North Africa FDR and Churchill had an

25 -2 The War for Europe and North Africa FDR and Churchill had an alliance so America focused on the War in Europe first.

Battle of the Atlantic (’ 42 -’ 43) w Germans tried to stop food

Battle of the Atlantic (’ 42 -’ 43) w Germans tried to stop food and materials from crossing from America to England or the Soviet Union w Jan-Apr 1942: Germans sank 87 Am. Ships w Apr-Aug 1942: Germans sank 594 more w US ships started traveling in convoy’s surrounded by destroyers and airplanes w This helped the US sink German U-Boats and win the Atlantic w http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. B 8 GNHxf__A

Battle of Stalingrad (In Soviet Union) w Timeline: n n n June 1941: Germany

Battle of Stalingrad (In Soviet Union) w Timeline: n n n June 1941: Germany invades Soviet Union Nov. 1941: Bitter cold stops fighting Spring 1942: fighting starts back up June 1942: Germans winning in south Aug. 1942: Germans reach Stalingrad

Battle of Stalingrad w Fall/Winter 1942: n n Germans fight house to house combat;

Battle of Stalingrad w Fall/Winter 1942: n n Germans fight house to house combat; Winter sets in (bitter cold); Hitler orders them to stay there; they had destroyed all the houses The horrible winter kills many and they surrender to the Soviet Union w Soviets Lost 1, 100, 000 soldiers at Stalingrad

Battle in North Africa w North African countries were under Axis control w The

Battle in North Africa w North African countries were under Axis control w The Allies invaded N. Africa while Stalingrad was going on w They won back N. Africa and called for unconditional surrender: they had to agree to whatever the Allies said w Dwight Eisenhower: American General who commanded Allied Troops in N. Africa

Battle in Italy w While the battle in N. Africa was still happening, the

Battle in Italy w While the battle in N. Africa was still happening, the Allies decided to attack Italy next. w They quickly won Sicily and were successful in Italy at first n They made Benito Mussolini resign and many Italian people were very happy

Battle in Italy w Germany stepped in and fought the Allies in Italy n

Battle in Italy w Germany stepped in and fought the Allies in Italy n This kept Italy from being taken back by the Allies until 1945 (End of WWII) w “Bloody Anzio”: a terrible battle just outside Rome that lasted 4 months n 30, 000 Axis and 25, 000 Allied casualties w Allied forces of all races fought for Italy

Strategy of Operation Overlord w Many troops parachuted behind German lines and thousands stormed

Strategy of Operation Overlord w Many troops parachuted behind German lines and thousands stormed the beaches of Normandy w General Omar Bradley made a gap in the German line with a massive air and land bombardment w General George Patton led The Third Army through the gap and advanced into Paris

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Video http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. PU 4 p 7 UQOt. U

Video http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. PU 4 p 7 UQOt. U

The Battle of the Bulge w October 1944 n n Americans/Allies were invading Germany

The Battle of the Bulge w October 1944 n n Americans/Allies were invading Germany Germans attacked the Belgium port of Antwerp w December 1944 n German tanks made it 60 miles into the Allied lines making a bulge in the lines

The Battle of the Bulge w SS Troopers: Elite Nazi Soldiers n n Captured

The Battle of the Bulge w SS Troopers: Elite Nazi Soldiers n n Captured 120 American GI’s Herded them into a field and shot them all

The Battle of the Bulge w After 1 month fighting, Germans were pushed back

The Battle of the Bulge w After 1 month fighting, Germans were pushed back but had serious losses n n n 120, 000 Troops 600 Tanks 1, 600 Planes w Germans were forced to retreat from all combat

Liberation of Death Camps w Allies were working east into German and Soviets were

Liberation of Death Camps w Allies were working east into German and Soviets were working west through Poland n n July 1944: First death camp was liberated by the Soviets (Majdanek: name of camp) SS Guards tried to burn evidence, but they could not do it in time l Soldiers found 1, 000 starving people, the largest crematorium in the world, and 800, 000 pairs of shoes from those who were killed

V-E Day w V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day n April 25, 1945: Berlin

V-E Day w V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day n April 25, 1945: Berlin was under attack l Hitler Married Eva Braun l Hitler wrote his last address to the German people l

Hitler’s Last Address w Blamed Jews for starting WWII w Blamed Generals for losing

Hitler’s Last Address w Blamed Jews for starting WWII w Blamed Generals for losing WWII w Said that he and Braun would choose death over the disgrace of being captured by the Allies w Both killed themselves the next day l He shot himself, she drank poison

V-E Day w The Germans surrendered unconditionally on May 8, 1945 n This was

V-E Day w The Germans surrendered unconditionally on May 8, 1945 n This was V-E Day, Victory in Europe Day w FDR died on April 12, 1945 and never lived to see any of this l Harry S. Truman (VP under FDR) took over as President of the United States at the end of WWII

25 -3 War in the Pacific

25 -3 War in the Pacific

WWII in the Pacific Military Action Significance Philippines Japanese victory destroyed the myth of

WWII in the Pacific Military Action Significance Philippines Japanese victory destroyed the myth of white supremacy in Asia. Doolittle’s raid American spirits lifted by the Tokyo bombing. Midway Damaged Japanese air power Leyte Gulf Reduced Japanese navy to minor role Okinawa Allowed attack on Japan itself Hiroshima America is first to use the atomic bomb. Nagasaki Led to Japan’s surrender

Philippines w The Japanese won the islands from the Americans w This proved Japan’s

Philippines w The Japanese won the islands from the Americans w This proved Japan’s power and it took away a major port for America

Doolittle’s Raid w April 1942 w James Doolittle led a successful air raid on

Doolittle’s Raid w April 1942 w James Doolittle led a successful air raid on Tokyo (capital of Japan)

Battle of the Coral Sea w Americans and Australians stopped Japan from taking Australia

Battle of the Coral Sea w Americans and Australians stopped Japan from taking Australia w One of the first times the allies were able to stop Japan

Battle of Midway w June 1942 w US found out Midway Island was Japans

Battle of Midway w June 1942 w US found out Midway Island was Japans next target and attacked their planes and ships before they attacked the island w Many Japanese planes and ships were destroyed w Was a turning point in the war n n Americans were attacking now, not defending Japanese Official: “Americans avenged Pearl Harbor”

“Island Hopping” and Kamikaze w Once they won Midway, Americans started attacking Japan one

“Island Hopping” and Kamikaze w Once they won Midway, Americans started attacking Japan one island at a time n As soon as they got a new island, they would lay a cement airstrip and begin attacking the next island w Kamikaze pilots tried to stop them n Kamikaze pilots: Japanese suicide bombers who flew bomb-laden planes into American ships

Battle of Iwo Jima w General Macarthur: American General in the Pacific War n

Battle of Iwo Jima w General Macarthur: American General in the Pacific War n Led attack on the island of Iwo Jima was close enough to Japan that heavy bombers could take off there and reach Japan w 6, 000 US marines were killed w 20, 500 Japanese soldiers were killed (only 200 survived)

Scenes from “Flags of Our Fathers w http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ew. Iz. Alm

Scenes from “Flags of Our Fathers w http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ew. Iz. Alm k 8 p. Q&feature=related

Battle for Okinawa w April 1945 w 1, 900 Kamikaze attacks and worse fighting

Battle for Okinawa w April 1945 w 1, 900 Kamikaze attacks and worse fighting than Iwo Jima n 7, 600 American casualties n 110, 000 Japanese casualties l Two Generals committed suicide rather than surrender w The fighting in Okinawa showed that an invasion of Japan would be horribly deadly

Atomic Bomb w Because Iwo Jima and Okinawa were really difficult battles, the Allies

Atomic Bomb w Because Iwo Jima and Okinawa were really difficult battles, the Allies thought that an invasion of Japan would be a desperate struggle w They decided instead to use the Atomic Bomb n New technology developed by the Manhattan Project

Atomic Bomb w Manhattan Project led by J. Robert Oppenheimer w It was first

Atomic Bomb w Manhattan Project led by J. Robert Oppenheimer w It was first tested in the desert of New Mexico w July 26, 1945: US warned Japan to surrender or it would face “prompt and utter destruction”

Hiroshima w August 6, 1945 w B-29 Bomber (plane) named Enola Gay w Atomic

Hiroshima w August 6, 1945 w B-29 Bomber (plane) named Enola Gay w Atomic Bomb named Little Boy w Hiroshima: city where Little Boy was dropped n Hiroshima turned completely to dust after the bomb was dropped

Nagasaki w Japan did not surrender after the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima w

Nagasaki w Japan did not surrender after the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima w August 9, 1945: A second bomb was dropped on a city called Nagasaki n Fat Man: Code name of second bomb w This prompted Japan’s Emperor Hirohito to surrender w 200, 000 people were killed by the bombs

The Yalta Conference w A meeting in the Soviet Union to discuss how things

The Yalta Conference w A meeting in the Soviet Union to discuss how things should be in Germany after the war (how to prevent a WWIII) w Feb 1945 w The Big Three: Churchill, Stalin, FDR w They decided to split Germany into four zones that would be governed by America, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union that would all eventually come together to be a united Germany again w Soviet Union joined the war against Japan w They would start the United Nations

The Nuremberg Trials w The trials of 24 surviving Nazi leaders for crimes against

The Nuremberg Trials w The trials of 24 surviving Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes w Held in Southern Germany, a town called Nuremberg w 12 were sentenced to death w Most were sent to prison

Nuremberg Trials w Eventually almost 200 more were put on trial and sent to

Nuremberg Trials w Eventually almost 200 more were put on trial and sent to prison w Some said this was not enough and many Nazi’s who were part of the Holocaust went free w Trials set the principle that individuals are responsible for their actions during war n If you do terrible things you cannot just say that you were following orders so it is okay

Occupation of Japan w After Japan surrendered, American forces stayed in Japan to control

Occupation of Japan w After Japan surrendered, American forces stayed in Japan to control the country and to put leaders on trial for war crimes w Led by Gen. Douglas Mac. Arthur w Lasted 7 years w Started a new democratic government and a free market economy