The Union in Peril Chapter 4 SECTION 1

The Union in Peril Chapter 4 SECTION 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery SECTION 2 The Civil War Begins SECTION 3 The North Takes Charge SECTION 4 Reconstruction and Its Effects Summary: Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them.

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Differences Between North and South Controversy over Slavery Worsens North South • Industrialized North does not depend on slavery • Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor • North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread • South tries to spread slavery in West Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 2

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Differences Between North and South Northern States Southern States • Massachusetts was first colony established in the North • Virginia was the first colony established in the South • Liberal religious views • Conservative religious views • Economy is based on Industry (manufacturing) • Economy is based on agriculture (slavery) Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 3

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Differences Between North and South Controversy over Slavery Worsens • The peculiar institution got worse as new states were admitted into the Union • Pro-Slavery government leaders wanted the new states to be slave states • Anti-Slavery government leaders wanted the new states to be nonslave states Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 4

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Slavery in the Territories Statehood for California • California applies for statehood as free state in 1849; angers South The Compromise of 1850 • Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory • Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union • Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides • California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave law enacted • Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue in NM, Utah Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 5

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Slavery in the Territories Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 6

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Slavery in the Territories cont. • When states apply for statehood, they have to create a constitution where people decide on the type of government. This is called popular sovereignty • In the United States of America, what is more important? – The States? or – The Nation? Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 7

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Slavery in the Territories cont. Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 8

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Protest, Resistance, and Violence Fugitive Slave Act • Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned • Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada The Underground Railroad • Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad— escape routes from South • Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free African Americans Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe increases protests Objective: Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad & other forms of protest against slavery 9

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Protest, Resistance, and Violence Objective: Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad & other forms of protest against slavery 10

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Protest, Resistance, and Violence cont. Tension in Kansas and Nebraska • Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 36 30’ line, closed to slavery • 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery “Bleeding Kansas” • Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas • Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas Violence in the Senate • Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles out Andrew Butler • Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults Sumner on Senate floor Objective: Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad & other forms of protest against slavery 11

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) New Political Parties Emerge Slavery Divides Whigs • Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 • Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories • Nativists Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery The Free-Soilers’ Voice • Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of white workers The New Republican Party • Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories • Democrat James Buchanan elected president (1856); secession averted Objective: Explain the political conditions that gave rise to the Republican Party & divided the Whigs 12

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Conflicts Lead to Secession The Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom • Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen • North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery Lincoln-Douglas Debates • 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln • Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slave • Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendment Objective: Describe the conflicts that led to secession 13

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4. 1) Conflicts Lead to Secession cont. Harper’s Ferry • John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising (1859) • Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed Lincoln Is Elected President • 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votes Southern Secession • 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form Confederacy in 1861 • Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy Objective: Describe the conflicts that led to secession 14

The Civil War Begins (4. 2) Union & Confederate Forces Clash Southern States Take Sides • 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers • 4 more slave states join Confederacy • Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain in Union Objective: Analyze the Strengths of both sides at the beginning of the Civil War 15

The Civil War Begins (4. 2) Union & Confederate Forces Clash Strengths Northern Strengths • More People • Factories • Food Production Southern Strengths • Cotton • Outstanding Generals • Motivated Soldiers Strategies • Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two, capture Richmond • Confederacy plan: hold out until the people in the North get tired of fighting Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 16

The Civil War Begins (4. 2) Union & Confederate Forces Clash cont. Bull Run • Bull Run—first battle, near Washington; Confederate victory • Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle Union Armies in the West • Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts, wins at Shiloh • David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the Confederacy’s busiest port Objective: Analyze the Strengths of both sides at the beginning of the Civil War 17

The Civil War Begins (4. 2) Union & Confederate Forces Clash cont. The War for the Capitals • Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate Army in 1862: - drives General George Mc. Clellan from Richmond - loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle • Mc. Clellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdraw Objective: Analyze the Strengths of both sides at the beginning of the Civil War 18

The Civil War Begins (4. 2) The Politics of War Britain Remains Neutral • Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern goods Proclaiming Emancipation • Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to free Confederate slaves • Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible Both Sides Face Political Dissent • Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to suppress disloyalty, dissent Objective: Identify the key political issues that affected the conduct of the war 19

The Civil War Begins (4. 2) Life During Wartime War Leads to Social Upheaval • Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on both sides • Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads to draft riots African Americans Fight for Freedom • African Americans are 1% of North’s population, 10% of army • Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites for most of war Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides • Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet, poor medical care • Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of malnutrition, disease Objective: Describe aspects of military & civilian life during wartime 20

The Civil War Begins (4. 2) Life During Wartime cont. Women Work to Improve Conditions • Thousands of women serve as nurses for both sides • Union nurse Clara Barton later founds American Red Cross The War Affects Regional Economies • Confederacy faces food shortage, increased prices, inflation • Union army’s need for supplies supports Northern industry • North’s standard of living declines • Congress enacts income tax (percentage of income) to pay for war Objective: Describe aspects of military & civilian life during wartime 21

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The Tide Turns Southern Victories • December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863, Chancellorsville Objective: Explain how decisive battles, such as Gettysburg & Vicksburg changed the tide of war 22

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The Tide Turns cont. The Battle of Gettysburg • North wins decisive three-day battle of Gettysburg, July 1863 • Total casualties were more than 30%; South demoralized The Gettysburg Address • Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at cemetery dedication • Speech helps country realize it is a unified nation Objective: Explain how decisive battles, such as Gettysburg & Vicksburg changed the tide of war 23

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The Tide Turns cont. Grant Wins at Vicksburg • May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after unsuccessful attacks Objective: Explain how decisive battles, such as Gettysburg & Vicksburg changed the tide of war 24

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The Confederacy Wears Down Confederates Seek Peace • Confederacy no longer able to attack; works toward armistice • Southern newspapers, legislators, public call for peace Total War • • Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union Armies (1864) Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as Western commander Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s will to fight Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while Sherman raids Georgia Objective: Describe instances of total war waged by Grant & Sherman 25

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The Confederacy Wears Down cont. Sherman’s March • Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction through Georgia The Election of 1864 • Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s victories Objective: Describe instances of total war waged by Grant & Sherman 26

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The Confederacy Wears Down cont. The Surrender at Appomatox • April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox Court House • Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance collapses Objective: Describe instances of total war waged by Grant & Sherman 27

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The War Changes the Nation Human Cost of the War • Approximately 360, 000 Union and 260, 000 Confederate soldiers die Political and Economic Changes • Civil War increases power, authority of federal government • Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands destroyed Objective: Explain how the war changed the nation & people’s lives 28

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The War Changes the Nation cont. A Revolution in Warfare • Developments in military technology make fighting more deadly • Ironclad ships change naval warfare Objective: Explain how the war changed the nation & people’s lives 29

The North Takes Charge (4. 3) The War Changes Lives The Thirteenth Amendment • Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states Lincoln Is Assassinated • April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater • Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot • 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train Objective: Explain how the war changed the nation & people’s lives 30

Reconstruction & Its Effects (4. 4) The Politics of Reconstruction Building a New South • Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education • Reconstruction—U. S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865– 1877) Lincoln’s Plan • State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union • Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient: - want to destroy political power of former slaveholders - want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans Objective: Describe various Reconstruction plans & analyze the political consequences of the plans 31

Reconstruction & Its Effects (4. 4) The Politics of Reconstruction cont. Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan • Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners • Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen Congressional Reconstruction • Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866) • Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans • Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districts Objective: Describe various Reconstruction plans & analyze the political consequences of the plans 32

Reconstruction & Its Effects (4. 4) The Politics of Reconstruction cont. Johnson Impeached • House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict U. S. Grant Elected • Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes • Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans Objective: Describe various Reconstruction plans & analyze the political consequences of the plans 33

Reconstruction & Its Effects (4. 4) Reconstructing Society Conditions in the Postwar South • By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union • Republican governments begin public works programs, social services Politics in the Postwar South • Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position • Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war • Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks Objective: Describe how Reconstruction affected life in the South for white Southerners & former slaves 34

Reconstruction & Its Effects (4. 4) Reconstructing Society cont. Former Slaves Improve Their Lives • Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders • Republican governments, church groups found schools, universities • Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs African Americans in Reconstruction • Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first black senator Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops • Tenant farmers rent land from owner Objective: Describe how Reconstruction affected life in the South for white Southerners & former slaves 35

Reconstruction & Its Effects (4. 4) The Collapse of Reconstruction • Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to: - destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans - to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children • Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South • In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires Support for Reconstruction Fades • Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention • Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changes Objective: Explain the reasons for the end of Reconstruction 36

Reconstruction & Its Effects (4. 4) The Collapse of Reconstruction cont. Democrats “Redeem” the South • Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction Objective: Explain the reasons for the end of Reconstruction 37