The Union in Crisis Chapter 10 How did

The Union in Crisis Chapter 10 How did the nation’s expansion lead to the Civil War?

Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion • Section 1 • How did Congress try to resolve the dispute between North and South over slavery? • Vocabulary: Wilmot Proviso secede Free-Soil Party Compromise of 1850 popular sovereignty Fugitive Slave Act

Two Nations • North and South were divided by slavery • North believed slavery was wrong based on religion • South believed that whites and African Americans were not equal and attacked uncaring northern industrialists who took no personal responsibility for their workers • Wilmot Proviso seeks to limit slavery in the territories gained in the Mexican-American War. Passed by the House of Representatives, but rejected by the Senate

Northern Views of Slavery • Laws in the North severely limited the rights of free African Americans • Abolitionists wanted slavery to end • Some white northern bankers, mill owners, and merchants favored slavery • Some northern workers feared that freed slaves would take their jobs

Southern Views of Slavery • • • Slavery was a part of southern life Wealthy Plantation Owners vs. Middle Class Role of Religion Southern Slavery vs. Northern Labor Southerners believed that slaves were healthier and happier • By 1860: $ value of slavery outstripped value of Banks, railroads, and factories combined.

Life of Slaves • Story of Celia – Mistress – Kills owner – Not allowed to testify • Black slaveholders: 3, 800 in 1830 held 12, 000 slaves • Plantation slavery v. small farms • Slave Women • Rebellions

Historians • Recent historians emphasize the differences between the regions, racial groups, and social classes • Some kind of major conflict was bound to occur • Question: Could the politicians have avoided the Civil War? • Pro-Slavery: Inferiority vs. Social Necessity

Election of 1848 • Free-Soil Party: supported the Wilmot Proviso to keep new western territories free of slavery • Nominated Martin Van Buren • Popular sovereignty: policy that voters in a territory would decide whether or not to allow slavery; both the Democratic Party and the Whigs support popular sovereignty

Election of 1848 • Democrats: Lewis Cass • Whigs: Zachary Taylor • Free Soil Party: Martin Van Buren • Van Buren took votes away from Cass to give Taylor the victory • Taylor dies in 1850; Millard Fillmore, the Vice President, takes office

Compromise of 1850 • Question: What were the effects of the Missouri Compromise, and how did the Compromise of 1850 try to deal with them? • Kept the balance between slave and free states in the Senate; free states only north of 36º 30‘ N latitude • Henry Clay of Kentucky proposes a compromise to admit California as a free state • John C. Calhoun of SC against compromise • Daniel Webster of Massachusetts for compromise

CHART Clay’s Compromise of 1850

COMPARING VIEWPOINTS Should the Union be saved?

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Categorize

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A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence Section 2 • How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South? • Vocabulary: personal liberty laws Kansas-Nebraska Act Underground Railroad John Brown Harriet Tubman “Bleeding Kansas” Harriet Beecher Stowe

A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence Resistance Against the Fugitive Slave Act Main Idea: The Compromise of 1850 was meant to calm the fears of Americans. But one provision, the new Fugitive Slave Act, had the opposite effect. Black Americans and abolitionists despised the law and organized to try to help enslaved people to freedom through the Underground Railroad. The Kansas-Nebraska Act Undoes the Missouri Compromise Main Idea: Although Congress meant well, its repeated attempts to resolve the question of slavery resulted in a jumble of contradictory, and often unenforceable, policies. A Battle Rages in “Bleeding Kansas” Main Idea: Kansas attracted not only farmers but settlers with political motives. Violence erupted between abolitionists and proslavery settlers and eventually spread to the Senate.

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Understand Effects

Underground Railroad • Known as the “Black Moses” • Guided hundreds of slaves to freedom • Large reward on her head, but never captured

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Kansas-Nebraska Act • Stephen Douglas of Illinois wanted to run for President • Act supported popular sovereignty for area • Passed but made North angry; in effect, Congress repealed the Missouri Compromise since Kansas and Nebraska were above the 36º 30‘ N latitude

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Understand Effects

Violence Begins • Free soilers: 1, 200 New Englanders sent to Kansas to fight against slavery • Proslavery settlers opposed them • Kansas had an antislavery capital at Topeka and a proslavery capital at Lecompton • 1856, open violence erupted • “Bleeding Kansas”

TRANSPARENCY Bleeding Kansas

“Bleeding Kansas” • John Brown: Following a raid in Lawrence by a proslavery group, he and his followers killed five proslavery men along the Pottawatomie Creek • 1855: Summer of murder and raids

Lecompton Constitution • Proslavery group wrote a proslavery constitution for Kansas called the Lecompton constitution • Buchanan accepted it, but Congress returned it. • Defeated by Kansas people the second time

Senate Violence • Senator Charles Sumner, a Republican, gave a speech that attacked Southerners forcing slavery on Kansas and insulted Senator Andrew Butler of SC • Preston Brooks, a member of the House beat him with his cane • Sumner lived but never recovered; added to hatred

Harriet Beecher Stowe • Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Eliza Cabin Harris, a slave, escapes when her child is to be sold • As Eliza heads north, she eludes the slave catchers • Uncle Tom is sold and is killed by his brutal master, Simon Legree, a Northerner • Book had a powerful effect: North became convinced that slavery would ruin the U. S. South believed it was a book of insulting lies.

TRANSPARENCY The Slavery Issue

Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis Section 3 • What developments deepened the divisions between North and South? • Vocabulary: Know-Nothings Republican Party Dred Scott Roger B. Taney Abraham Lincoln Stephen A. Douglas Harpers Ferry

Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis The Shifting Political Scene Main Idea: Traditionally, American political parties extended across sectional lines. But starting in the 1840 s, American politics increasingly reflected regional tensions, especially over the issue of slavery. Sectional Divisions Intensify Main Idea: For many years, the North and South tried to ignore or patch over their differences. But by the mid-1850 s, the dispute over slavery caused sectional differences to intensify. The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Main Idea: In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln held a series of seven debates while competing for a seat in the U. S. Senate. Thousands of Americans attended the Lincoln. Douglas debates and listened intently as the two candidates presented opposing views of slavery and its role in America. John Brown’s Raid Main Idea: Abolitionist John Brown concluded that violence was the best way to reach his goal of avenging the evil of slavery. In 1859, he and 21 followers seized the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. However, federal troops ended the attack, and Brown was eventually executed.

Shifting Political Scene • Whig Party disintegrates: divided over the issues; nominated Winfield Scott in 1852 • Know-Nothings: nativists; will become American Party; divided over issues

Republican Party • 1854, dedicated to stopping “Slave Power” • Declared slavery a great moral evil • Demanded repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Fugitive Slave Act; • Comprised of antislavery Democrats, Whigs, and Free Soilers from North • Farmers, professionals, small business owners, craftworkers joined

Election of 1856 • Democrats nominated James Buchanan • Republicans nominated John C. Frémont • Know-Nothings chose Millard Fillmore • Buchanan won the election • He hoped that the Supreme Court would resolve the slavery issue

Scott v. Sandford • The Dred Scott Decision 1857; • Scott v. Sandford • Scott sued his owner • Said that he and his wife were taken to states and territories where slavery was illegal and therefore should be free

Ruling • The Court, under Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, ruled 7 to 2 against Scott • Slaves are not citizens and cannot sue in court • Scott not free due to being in free area • Missouri Compromise ruled unconstitutional. Slaves were considered property of their owners and Congress could not deprive people of their property without due process of law according to the Fifth Amendment. • Antislavery forces were disgusted

Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Campaigning for Senate seat from Illinois in 1858 • Series of seven debates on the issue of slavery in the territories. • Physical contrast in the men was striking • Douglas wins election

Abraham Lincoln • Studied law and worked at various jobs • Served in the Congress in the 1840 s • Believed that the majority could not deny the minority their rights • Foresaw confrontation • “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. ”

Senator Douglas • Short, stout; known as “the Little Giant” • Believed that the majority of people could do anything they wished, even make slavery legal • Lincoln gets national attention, although Douglas won the Senate election

Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858 Illinois Senate Race • Stephen Douglas – Agreed with Dred Scott decision on legal grounds – “Freeport Doctrine” says people can vote slavery down by popular sovereignty • Abraham Lincoln – Disagreed with Dred Scott decision (How can we have popular sovereignty if case is accepted? ) – Believed slavery should not be allowed to spread to the territories

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John Brown’s Raid • 1859, Brown and his men attacked the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia; he hoped to seize weapons and give them to slaves • Wanted a slave uprising • Colonel Robert E. Lee leads troops; Brown is executed. • Northerners saw him as a martyr; his raid deepened the divide between the North and South

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Sequence

CHART American Political Parties During the 1850 s

Lincoln, Secession, and War Section 4 • How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war? • Vocabulary: Jefferson Davis Crittenden Compromise John C. Breckinridge Fort Sumter Confederate States of America

Lincoln, Secession, and War The Election of 1860 Main Idea: The Election of 1860 was a turning point for the United States. The election demonstrated that there were no longer any national political parties. The North and South were now effectively two political entities, and there seemed no way to bridge the gap. The Union Collapses Main Idea: Southerners were outraged that a President could be elected without a single southern vote. In Southerners’ perception, the South no longer had a voice in the national government. They decided to act by leaving the Union and forming the Confederacy. The Civil War Begins Main Idea: The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, hoping to seize it from Union hands. Lincoln declared that “insurrection” existed and called for 75, 000 volunteers to fight against the Confederacy.

The Election of 1860 Ø In April 1860, Democratic Party split into North and South factions Ø In Border States, the Constitutional Union party forms from Whigs and American party (Know Nothing)

CHART The Candidates for President

Candidates • Southern Democrats: John C. Breckinrigde • Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas, Illinois • Constitutional Unionist party: John Bell, Tennessee • Republican party: Abraham Lincoln, Illinois • Lincoln wins with 39% of the vote and 180 electoral votes; sectional victory

Lower South Secedes • Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina • Secessionists: those who wanted the South to secede

Confederate States of America Ø South Carolina seceded December 20, 1860 Ø In February 1861, the seven states created the Confederacy and elected Jefferson Davis as President

War Starts Ø Lincoln takes office on March 4, 1861 Ø Vows to enforce the laws of the U. S. and to preserve, protect, and defend the government

Fort Sumter Ø Fort under the command of Major Robert Anderson Ø Running out of supplies Ø April 12 General P. G. T. Beauregard fires on the fort Ø Anderson surrenders

Upper South Ø Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy Ø Border States stay neutral Ø The Civil War begins

TRANSPARENCY Political Cartoons: The Nation Divided

TRANSPARENCY Forming the Confederacy

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects

DIAGRAM Long-term Causes and Short-term Causes

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