THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY WHAT IS NATIONALISM Nationalism

THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY

WHAT IS NATIONALISM? Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation. § During the 19 th and 20 th centuries, nationalism was a powerful force throughout Europe. § Nationalism was a force that connected all Italians, why? ? §

BARRIERS TO ITALIAN NATIONALISM �Geography - The River Po divided north and south and the Apennines Mountains divide east and west. �Illiteracy – as most of the population could not read and write, nationalistic propaganda was difficult to spread. �The Pope - felt a united Italy would reduce his rights in the Papal States. �European powers such as France and Britain did not want a unified and strong Italy controlling the Mediterranean.

FACTORS THAT LED TO ITALIAN UNIFICATION § § Geography • Italy is isolated • The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans. • Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs. History • Italians are very proud of their heritage and history • Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to Italian unity and a strong desire to never be conquered again All speak Italian though often different dialects Risorgimento – Italian Nationalist Movement

GIUSEPPE VERDI – GREAT ITALIAN COMPOSER In Nabucco (1842), Verdi’s first successful opera, a chorus of captives in the ancient Babylon of Nebuchadnezzar sing movingly about their hopes for freedom. Italian patriots borrowed the song which remains a favorite patriotic song in Italy. Even the letters of Verdi’s name became part of the Italian nationalist movement. The crowds that shouted “Viva Verdi” were using a widely understood shorthand phrase for “Viva Vittorio Emmanuale Rei de Italia” (Long live Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Bw KGZ 90 exng

EFFORTS OF THREE MEN: MAZZINI, CAVOUR, GARIBALDI

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI, “HEART OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION” § § § He was a member of the Carbonari - a secret group which used violence to obtain what it wanted. Do you think this was successful? He formed Young Italy, made up of young people whose job it was to arouse enthusiasm for a united nation. Tried revolution but it failed. Who stopped him?

COUNT CAVOUR “ARCHITECT OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION” § § § Believed in Realpolitik – Who else used this POV? Reformed Kingdom of Sardinia’s economy Cavour was the “architect” (planner) of Piedmont. Sardinia’s war against Austria. (France helped) § § Annexed Lombardy – Who had this land? This action encouraged other Italian states to revolt against foreign rule & support of unification.

GARIBALDI “THE SWORD OF UNIFICATION ” � Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833 � Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice � Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America � Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination 1854 � Why was Giuseppe Garibaldi called “sword” of Italian Unification?

• 1000 followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms • By July 1860, Garibaldi & the Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily (How did Cavour help? ) • September, Garibaldi & Sardinian troops conquered Naples • Red Shirts now controlled southern part of Italian peninsula which alarmed Cavour! • Predict what happens next!!!!

� “The Nationalist Hero” Garibaldi wanted a republic, but Cavour, the practical politician wanted a Monarchy � In a patriotic move, Garibaldi offered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Naples and Sicily, to Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel II – Monarchy prevailed!

� Defend the following beliefs: � Cavour was the “brain” of Italian unification � Mazzini the “heart” of Italian unification � Garibaldi “sword” of Italian unification Talk with a partner and count how many steps it took! Take 30 seconds!

All unified by 1860 except Rome and Venetia, why? ? ? Who controlled them?

• 1861, territories held elections, all agreed to unification • Venetia & Rome were not included • 1866 – Italy formed an alliance with Prussia and won Venetian at the end of Austro-Prussian War. • 1870 - Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome during Franco-Prussian War. • Italian troops entered Rome, unification is complete under King Victor Emmanuel II

�Divisions – regional differences between wealthy north and rural/poor south �Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church; Pope resented seizure of Papal States & Rome �Concerns over Constitutional gov. & two house legislature being fair �Anarchists – wanted to abolish all gov. �People were forced to emigrate, or move from Italy due to over population

HOW DOES NATIONALISM IMPACT THE ITALIAN STATES? ANALYZE & INTERPRET THE POLITICAL CARTOON TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION

Europe in the 19 th Century: