THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY Garibaldi WHAT IS NATIONALISM

THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY Garibaldi

WHAT IS NATIONALISM? § § § Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation. During the 19 th and 20 th centuries, nationalism was a powerful force throughout Europe. Nationalism was a force that connected all Italians.

BARRIERS TO ITALIAN NATIONALISM � Geography: The River Po divided north and south and the Apennines Mountains divide east and west. � Illiteracy – as most of the population could not read and write, nationalistic propaganda was difficult to spread. � The Pope - felt a united Italy would reduce his rights in the Papal States. � European powers such as France and Britain did not want a unified and strong Italy controlling the Mediterranean.

Europe in the 19 th Century:

FACTORS THAT LED TO ITALIAN UNIFICATION § § § Geography • Italy is isolated • The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans. • Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs. History • Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance. • Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again Italian unity. Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI, “PROPHET OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION” § § He was a member of the Carbonari. The Carbonari were a secret group which used violence to obtain what it wanted. He formed Young Italy, made up of young people whose job it was to arouse enthusiasm for a united nation. Tried revolution but it failed.

COUNT CAVOUR, “ARCHITECT OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION” § § Count Camillo di Cavour was the “architect” (planner) of Piedmont. Sardinia’s revolt against Austria. This revolt encouraged other Italian states to revolt.

GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI, “THE SWORD OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION” § § Garibaldi first invaded Sicily, then urged them to join Piedmont-Sardinia under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel. Garibaldi handed over all conquered lands to Victor Emmanuel.

� 1852, Cavour became Prime Minister � Worked toward rebuilding a thriving economy so that Italy could unify (as a monarchy) � Cavour aligned Sardinia with France �Sardinia supported France in war with Russia & gave them the provinces of Savoy & Nice �In turn, France supported Sardinia in its war against Austria - (successful liberation)

� How did Cavour help Sardinia break free from the Austrian Empire? Talk with Partner 30 seconds

� Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart” � Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy � Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833 � Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice � Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America � Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination

� 1854, Garibaldi returned for good � Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria � After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia

• Followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms • By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily • September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops conquered Naples • Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula • Garibaldi wanted a republic, but ultimately offered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel

� What actions led Garibaldi to be called the “sword” of Italian unification? Talk with Partner 30 seconds

• 1861, territories held elections, all agreed to unification • Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging to Austria; Papal States, under French troops supporting pope • 1866, Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy • 1870, Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome • Italian troops entered Rome, completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel