The Tudors of England Lesson 5 The Tudor

The Tudors of England Lesson #5

The Tudor kings • The “Tudors” were a family of kings in the post-Renaissance England – a dynasty • They ruled from 1485 -1603 • The first one, Henry Tudor “took” the throne from his cousin, Richard III, who became known as “Rich the Bad” • He said Richard had killed his nephews, the legitimate heirs to the throne, and needed to be removed • He justified taking the throne in the “field of battle” • The winner must have been chosen by God to win, and to rule, and therefor, he had the “divine right” to have all power • He’d then pass that “divine right” to his son, who passed it to his son, and so on…

Divine Right King’s ruled by “DIVINE RIGHT. ” That meat that people believed that God gave the kings the right to ruler over them.

The Tudor monarchs (a monarch is a king OR queen who has all the power) Henry VIII Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I

Henry VII • Henry Tudor won the War of the Roses, and became Henry VII • Henry VII was not very much fun • He avoided conflict, both with other countries, and with anything inside England that would create conflict. Why? • He was also concerned about creating a long list of possible heirs to him. Why? • He married his cousin, the sister to Ricard, Elizabeth of York. Why? • Henry VII had four kids • Two sons – ARTHUR – HENRY • Two daughters – MARGARET – MARY

House of Lancaster House of York House of Tudor The “Tudor Rose”

TUDOR ENGLISH FAMILY TREE Henry VII Elizabeth of York Margaret Mary Henry Arthur Jane James Mary Edward Elizabeth

TUDOR ENGLISH FAMILY TREE Henry VII Elizabeth of York Margaret Arthur Catherine of Aragon Mary Henry ANNE BOLYN DIVORCED BEHEADED Mary “Bloody” Mary Jane Seymour Elizabeth “Bess” Edward

TUDOR ENGLISH FAMILY TREE Elizabeth of York Henry VII Margaret Arthur Catherine of Aragon Mary I (Bloody Mary) Mary Henry VIII ANNE BOLEYN Elizabeth I Jane Seymour Edward VI

Henry VIII • Henry VIII was much more “fun” than his dad • He went hunting, and competed against other kings in tournaments • He had lots of girlfriends, too • But, he was OBSESSED with having sons • He died with only one… a sickly young boy All three of Henry VIII’s kids became kings (monarchs) of England 1. First Edward 2. Then “Bloody” Mary 3. Then Elizabeth “the Virgin Queen Two versions of Anne Boleyn click

EDWARD became king at age 10 • He didn’t do much, and then… • he died at age 16 • His advisors made most of his decisions for him • He was too young and too sickly to do much, including get married, so • He had no kids • So, power passed to Henry’s next son… OH NO! – THERE ARE NO MORE SONS! – what to do? !

Power passed to Mary totally without precedent… • • England had it’s for queen monarch She married Philip of Spain She killed anyone who protested Protestants would later called her “BLOODY MARY” • because she killed so many protestants • She died after five years – no kids

ELIZABETH … was the only child of Anne Boleyn But, • became queen and tried to create peace • She encouraged trade and culture • She battled her Brother-in-Law, Philip of Spain FAMOUS SPANSH ARMADA • She ruled 42 years • 4 times as long as Mary and Edward combined • The whole ELIZABETHAN ERA is named after her

Big events during Elizabeth: • Shakespeare and other arts flourished • England became rich from trade • Elizabeth challenged Spain, the mightiest empire, and won! • England established its first colony: VIRGINIA, named after her • She never did get married • She never did have kids

Next in line… • Elizabeth had no kids • How do you figure out who should be next? . . .

BTW, Henry’s story is not yet over… • You remember he’s already been married three times. • He’ll marry three more • Kill two of his wives, divorce two, and is outlived by the third one named Catherine. • He liked the Cathy’s… • Why did he have so many wives? • HE WAS DESPARATE FOR SONS • (he needed “an heir and a spare) – why?

AS HENRY AND HIS WIFE, CATHERINE GROW OLDER, WHAT WILL BECOME HIS CONCERN… THEN AN OBSESSION…?

Second half of monarchy • Henry was still “a catch. ” • But, as Catherine grew old, and her body became exhausted with failed pregnancies… • Henry VIII became obsessed with having sons • “The King’s Great Matter” (1525 -1534) • Married 14 years to Catherine (9 yrs. Betrothed) • Had a cute relationship – romantic • He did have affairs – Mary Bollen (sister to Anne Boleyn) – Bessy Blount – had a son (Henry Fitzroy) 3 m

Divorce from Catherine • Catherine had several failed pregnancies – 1510 – still born – 1511 – Henry (survived 2 mo. ) – 1514 – miscarriage – 1516 – MARY – 1519 – still born (body now exhausted) • Almost 40 years old • Final pregnancy produced Mary • Henry needed sons – requested divorce (1527) (42) • Pope refused

Henry desperate for legitimate son • • Catherine was done with kids (too old) Mary Bollen – had a son and daughter Anne refused to have an affair Pope refused to grant a divorce

Henry’s options in 1522 • Marry off Mary – hope she’d have a son – But, she was young – only 11 • Just declare Mary the next monarch – But, England had no history of this • Legitimize one of his sons – Gave Henry Fitzroy title “Duke of Richmond” – Not accepted by other royals • Find a new wife

WHAT’S HENRY’S BEST OPTION?

He chose to find a new wife: Anne Boleyn • Henry’s mistress, Mary Bollen had a very attractive sister, Anne (1521 -1526) • Educated, sophisticated, French trained • Henry expressed interest as early as 1525 • She refused to be a mistress • This only intrigued the King • And, he broke down her will • And… • She finally gave in, and • She married Henry 1533 (already pregnant)

Act of Supremacy • Anne gave birth to Elizabeth in Sept. • Henry was still married to Catherine • Four months later, marriage was annulled by Archbishop of Canterbury • Parliament legislated Act in 1534 • CHURCH OF ENGLAND was born

IN WHAT WAYS WAS HENRY NOT AT ALL SELFISH WITH THIS MOVE?

Life with Anne • • • Henry passionately adored Anne Until… She gave birth to a daughter Then… several miscarriages 1534 -1536 Final pregnancy miscarried in 1536 when Anne heard Henry had fallen off a horse Henry banished Anne Moved Jane Seymour in Anne arrested for treason and incest Executed 1536 And… he moved on to wife #3

Jane Seymour • • • Who actually Gave birth to a son Then died Henry was heartbroken Advisors recommended he marry again And from a Protestant region Cromwell found Anne of Cleves They met on the wedding day And, she turned out to be hideous “no better than a Flanders mare”

Anne of Cleves • Henry married her sight unseen • At the wedding, he was unenthused – She smelled – She was unattractive – She was not at all cute or sexy • • • Henry was already eying up Catherine Howard He never consummated marriage to Anne Granted a divorce Anne given Anne Boleyn's family castle Cromwell decapitated, skull boiled, and impaled on London Bridge • Anne remained friends with Henry • And Henry was free to marry again… this time, it would be HIS choice…and he chose…

Catherine Howard • Young, cute, sexy and energetic • First cousin to Anne Boleyn – totally undisciplined • Had affairs – aunt sent her to court • Henry fell for her – ~19 (UNK) – “pathetic infatuation (he was 50… and fat) – “a rose without a thorn” • Married Henry in a year • Henry found a new youth… • … then… she had another affair click

Fate of Catherine Howard • Henry refused to believe • Was given proof – and devastated • Executed both men – Culpepper (friend of Henry) beheaded – Derehem – drawn and quartered – Heads displayed at “traitors gate” to she could see them when she entered • She was executed… was only 21 • Henry gave it ONE MORE TRY • And married a woman his age • Who had also been married…

Catherine Parr • Sixth wife • She was a widow – The “most married queen in English history” – Henry was 3 rd of four husbands • She had no interest in him • She was to marry Thomas Seymour (Jane’s brother) • Intelligent, kind, respectful, conversational • Reconnected Henry to his daughters • Act of Succession

Henry VIII • • • At this point – extremely fat (400#) – 54” waist Open wound on leg Likely type II diabetes, and head wound Obesity and mood swings “Defender of the Faith” (1523) – Defense of the Seven Sacraments (1521) – Commissioned English Bible – Closed monasteries (1536) – Six Articles (1539) (supported Catholic doctrine)

Six Wives of Henry VIII • Catherine of Aragon- DIVORCED – Mary Tudor I • Anne Boleyn - BEHEADED Elizabeth I – Princes Elizabeth • Jane Seymour- DIED Edward VI – Edward • Anne of Cleves - DIVORCED • Catherine Howard- BEHEADED • Catherine Parr - SURVIVED

Issue of Henry VIII • Edward VI – Raised as a true Protestant – Reformed the Church of England – Died young • Jane Grey – Jane of Nine Days • Mary I – Bloody Mary • Elizabeth I – Queen Bess – The Virgin Queen

Edward VI • • 1547 -1553 Book of Common Prayer (1549) Dismantled images and altars Destroyed stained glass, shines, statues Vestments prohibited Clergy encouraged to marry Processions banned DOCTRINE BECAME PROTESTANT – Justification by Faith – Denied transubstantiation – Supremacy of Scripture; reduced to two sacraments

Mary I • • • 1553 -1558 Eliminated Jane Repealed Act of Supremacy Restored the Church Reversed Edward’s changes Married Philip II of Spain 1554 (prince) Banned Protestants Killed 287 Protestants “Bloody Mary”

Mary became queen when she was older • She was raised a Catholic • When she became queen, she brought the Catholic Church back • She married Philip of Spain • She killed anyone who protested • Protestants would later called her “BLOODY MARY” • because she killed so many protestants • She died after five years – no kids

Elizabeth I • 1558 -1603 (45 years) • Mom was Anne Boleyn • Elizabethan Settlement – Act of Supremacy – 1559 – Act of Uniformity – 1559 – Return to Edward’s church • Refused to marry Philip II • Supported Dutch rebellion against Spanish control (7, 000 English troops to Netherlands)

Elizabeth I • “Politique”: put political leadership in front of religious beliefs • Tolerant of Puritans (purify the church) • Repelled Spanish Armada (1588) • Executed Mary, Queen of Scots