The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan World Civilizations

The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Building the Mongol War Machine • Mounted warriors • Tumens, 10, 000 troops • Messenger force • Adopted gunpowder, cannons World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China • Kara Khitai defeated – Mongolian • Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated • Return to China – Xi-Xia kingdom and Jin Empire (Northern China) destroyed • Harsh, tolerant • Chinggis Khan – Capital at Karakorum – Shamanistic § Tolerated other religions – New administration • Commerce thrives World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Life Under the Mongol Imperium • Harsh, tolerant • Chinggis Khan – Capital at Karakorum – Shamanistic § Tolerated other religions – New administration • Commerce thrives World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire • 1227, division of empire – Three sons, one grandson -Kubilai – Ogedei, third son § Elected great khan World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Mongol Drive to the West • Golden Horde – Khan's tent • Russia in the 1200 s – Many kingdoms – Mongols (Tartars) invade World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Mongol Drive to the West • Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan – 1236, begins conquest of Russia – 1240, Kiev taken and sacked – Novgorod spared World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Mongol Empire and the Global Exchange Network World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Russia in Bondage • Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde • Commerce benefits • Moscow thrives – Metropolitan head of Orthodox church – Leads Russian resistance to Mongol • Kulikova, 1380 – Golden Horde defeated World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe • Hungary, 1240 - Death of Ogedei – Batu retreats Hulegu – Grandson of Chinggis Khan Ilkhan – West to Mesopotamia, North Africa – 1258, Baghdad sacked – 1260, stopped by Baibars – Egyptian Mamluks World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • Ogedei renews attack on China • Kubilai Khan – Grandson of Chinggis Khan – Attacks Song – 1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty – Capital at Tatu (Beijing) World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture • Mongol women retain liberties • Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence • Mongol patronage – Attracts scholars, artists • Religious toleration – Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians, Daoists, Muslims • Marco Polo – Visits court World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance • Ethnic Chinese resist – Especially scholar-gentry • Kubilai – Protects peasant lands – Famine relief – Tax, labor burden lessened World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Fall of the House of Yuan • Death of Kubilai – Dynasty already weakened – Song revolt • 1274, 1280, Japan attacked – Failure • By 1350 s, territory lost • Ju Yanzhang – Founds Ming dynasty World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur • Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) – Turkish – Base at Samarkand • 1360 s, conquests – Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia – 1405, death – Empire dissolves World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Questions • Why did the Mongols rule end? What happened? • In conclusion, what can we say about the Mongols? …or rather what did they say about the Mongols? • Evaluate the Mongols based on what people said about them at the time. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.