The Tide of War Turns 1863 1865 The

The Tide of War Turns, 1863– 1865 The Civil War is won by the Union and strongly affects the nation. Union soldiers sitting in front of a tent. NEXT

The Tide of War Turns, 1863– 1865 SECTION 1 The Emancipation Proclamation SECTION 2 War Affects Society SECTION 3 The North Wins SECTION 4 The Legacy of the War NEXT

Section 1 The Emancipation Proclamation In 1863, President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, which helps to change the war’s course. NEXT

SECTION 1 The Emancipation Proclamation Calls for Emancipation • Abolitionists, Frederick Douglass, urge Lincoln to emancipate slaves • President Lincoln does not feel he has power to abolish slavery • Does not want to divide the nation further by freeing slaves • If freeing the slaves weakens the South, then Lincoln would do it NEXT

SECTION 1 The Emancipation Proclamation • President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863): - frees all slaves in Confederate territory • Frees southern slaves, weaken South, makes proclamation military action • Lincoln asks Congress to gradually abolish slavery throughout Union • Few slaves actually liberated because most live far from Union troops • Proclamation makes Civil War a war of liberation Image NEXT

SECTION 1 Response to the Proclamation • Abolitionists are happy about Emancipation Proclamation • Some Northern Democrats afraid proclamation will anger South more • Most Union soldiers welcome proclamation, it makes South weaker • Southerners outraged, many slaves begin to run away to Union lines: - deprives Confederacy of labor - provides Union with soldiers NEXT

SECTION 1 African American Soldiers • Emancipation Proclamation lets African American men join Union army • After emancipation, African Americans rush to join army • African American soldiers are often given worse jobs, less pay • Show great courage on the battlefield • By war’s end, 180, 000 black soldiers in Union army Image NEXT

SECTION 1 The 54 th Massachusetts • African American 54 th Massachusetts Regiment 1 st organized in North • Leads heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina (July 1863) • Heroics of 54 th lead to increased African American enlistment • African American prisoners often shot or returned to slavery by South Image NEXT

Section 2 War Affects Society The Civil War causes social, economic, and political changes in the North and the South. NEXT

SECTION 2 War Affects Society Disagreement About the War • Southerners grow weary of war, Confederate deserters increase • Copperheads—Northern Democrats that favor peace with South • Lincoln has protesters arrested, suspends writ of habeas corpus Image NEXT

SECTION 2 The Draft Laws • North, South pass laws of conscription, also known as the draft: - require men to serve in military • In South, North men can hire substitutes to serve in their place • North offers bounties, cash payments, to men who volunteer to serve • Anger over draft leads to New York City draft riots (July 1863) NEXT

SECTION 2 Economic Effects of the War • Inflation—an increase in price and decrease in the value of money • In South, food shortage, inflation are common • In North, inflation is less, war boosts industry • U. S. establishes the first income tax—a tax on earnings (1861) • U. S. issues new paper money, greenbacks, which: - ensures people have money to spend - helps Union pay for the war Chart NEXT

SECTION 2 Resistance by Slaves • To hurt Southern economy, slaves: - slow their work pace or stop altogether - sabotage crops and farm equipment - refuse to join fleeing planters • Many enslaved people run away from plantations, join Union army NEXT

SECTION 2 Women Aid the War Effort • Many women run farms, take over “men’s” work in factories, offices • Work for soldier relief agencies and as nurses • In North, Dorothea Dix is leader of about 3, 000 nurses • Women serve as spies, including: - Harriet Tubman for North - Belle Boyd for South Image NEXT

SECTION 2 Civil War Prison Camps • In North, South prisoners of war face terrible conditions • Prison camp at Elmira, New York, is one of the worst in North • Camp at Andersonville, Georgia, is one of the worst in South • Thousands of prisoners die of sickness, exposure Image NEXT

Section 3 The North Wins Thanks to victories, beginning with Gettysburg and ending with Richmond, the Union survives. NEXT

SECTION 3 The North Wins The Road to Gettysburg • President Lincoln names Ambrose Burnside as commander of U. S. army • Burnside loses to Confederates at Battle of Fredericksburg (1862) • Lincoln replaces Burnside with General Joseph Hooker • Hooker loses to Confederates at Chancellorsville, Virginia • Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson is killed at Chancellorsville • General Lee decides to invade North again to: - fuel Northern discontent with war - gain European support NEXT

SECTION 3 The Battle of Gettysburg • Union, Confederate forces fight 3 days, Battle of Gettysburg (1863) • Confederate attack, known as Pickett’s Charge, fails • General Lee, Confederates retreat, Union army fails to pursue • Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North are crushed Interactive NEXT

SECTION 3 The Siege of Vicksburg • General Grant, troops fight Confederates at Siege of Vicksburg • After a month and a half siege, Confederates surrender (July 1863) • Union has control of entire Mississippi River, South is split in two • Britain gives up all thought of supporting the South Map NEXT

SECTION 3 Sherman’s Total War • President Lincoln names General Grant commander of Union armies • General William Tecumseh Sherman, Union troops push to Atlanta • Captures Atlanta (September 1864), marches to sea, wages total war • Union troops tear up rail lines, destroy crops, burn and loot towns • Sherman’s success helps Lincoln win re-election • Sherman captures Savannah (December 1864) Interactive NEXT

SECTION 3 Grant’s Virginia Campaign • Grant’s army, Lee’s army fight series of battles in Virginia • Despite high casualties, Grant’s army continues to advance • Grant’s army lays siege on Richmond, Virginia, for 10 months • General Lee, troops evacuate Richmond, Grant captures the city NEXT

SECTION 3 Surrender at Appomattox • General Lee sends message, he is ready to surrender to General Grant • Surrender arrangements made at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865) • Grant offers generous terms, Confederates can return home in peace • After four long years, the Civil War comes to a close Image NEXT

Section 4 The Legacy of the War The Civil War brings great changes and new challenges to the United States. NEXT

SECTION 4 The Legacy of the War Costs of the War • Many Northerners, Southerners have bitter feelings toward each other • President Lincoln hopes to heal the nation, bring North, South together • Civil War, deadliest war in American history; has great economic costs Chart NEXT

SECTION 4 The Thirteenth Amendment • Emancipation Proclamation only frees slaves in the Confederacy • Thirteenth Amendment (1865) bans slavery in the entire U. S. NEXT

SECTION 4 Lincoln’s Assassination • John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre • Booth’s accomplice stabs Secretary of State William Seward • Lincoln dies morning after, (April 15, 1865), Seward recovers • First American president to be assassinated • U. S. troops kill Booth, capture his accomplices • Lincoln’s murder stuns the nation, causes intense grief Image NEXT

SECTION 4 Consequences of the War • U. S. is viewed as single country not collection of states • The Civil War also causes: - national government to expand - national government to grow more powerful - new industries to grow rapidly - economic disaster in the South Chart NEXT

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