The Texas Economy In the Late Nineteenth Century

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The Texas Economy In the Late Nineteenth Century Continuity and Change Texas and the

The Texas Economy In the Late Nineteenth Century Continuity and Change Texas and the New South

Key Themes n Cotton, cattle, and oil n New South n Continuity or change

Key Themes n Cotton, cattle, and oil n New South n Continuity or change n The case for cotton – romanticizing the Texas past (context) n Economic history at the micro- and macrolevels – social dynamics, history from the bottom-up

From Reconstruction to the New South

From Reconstruction to the New South

New Economic System n Sharecropping (1/2 to 2/3 of crop turned over) – advantages

New Economic System n Sharecropping (1/2 to 2/3 of crop turned over) – advantages and disadvantages n Protection of inequality under the law n Segregation – de facto and de jure n Discrimination in the legal system – enforcing Jim Crow, “lynch law” n Positive aspects of Reconstruction? Religion, education, leaders: George Ruby

The Legacy of Reconstruction n Continuity n De jure – segregation (Plessy) n Poverty,

The Legacy of Reconstruction n Continuity n De jure – segregation (Plessy) n Poverty, violence and intimidation n Disenfranchisement: How do African Americans lose their right to vote? n The politics of Redemption in Texas – the fate of African Americans

General Stores and Texas History at the Micro-level n Greater Reconstruction and national consolidation

General Stores and Texas History at the Micro-level n Greater Reconstruction and national consolidation n General merchants and attitudes on race n Purchasing – an expression of freedom? n Continuity and change n Women in store ledgers – two unique women: Mrs. Anna Hyde and Mrs. Anna Martin

The Texas Longhorn

The Texas Longhorn

German Cowboy

German Cowboy

The Cattle Kingdom n Elimination of the Bison; Post Civil-War factors – continuity and

The Cattle Kingdom n Elimination of the Bison; Post Civil-War factors – continuity and change n Railroads n Opportunity for cattle n Texas Longhorns n Issue of “splenic fever” (aka Texas or Spanish fever) n The great cattle drives of the 1870 s/1880 s

The King Ranch Early Ranching

The King Ranch Early Ranching

King Ranch n n n Early history Santa Gertrudis Creek Drought and the King’s

King Ranch n n n Early history Santa Gertrudis Creek Drought and the King’s men (kineños) 1850 s (1854 Mexico) Growth in the post. Civil War era Innovations Running W - legacy

Cattle Boom and Bust n n n n Why invest? Issue of public domain

Cattle Boom and Bust n n n n Why invest? Issue of public domain – “range rights” Large ranches – JA Ranch; XIT Ranch Improved breeds (especially Herefords) Overstocking Barbed wire (1874 -1875) Ecological Disaster (1885 -1887), Winter 18861887 Ecological disaster fed economic disaster

Capitol Building

Capitol Building

Cowboys at XIT Ranch

Cowboys at XIT Ranch

Sources of Tension n n n Battle over the public domain Sutton-Taylor Feud (1867

Sources of Tension n n n Battle over the public domain Sutton-Taylor Feud (1867 -68) White cappers and race in East Texas Racial friction with Tejanos – the Salt War (1877) Texas Rangers – law and order? Fence-Cutters’ War (1883 -1884) Other examples of cattle conflict in the West – Johnson County War (1890 s)

“Change” and the Texas Economy The New South, Industrialism, and the Discovery of Oil

“Change” and the Texas Economy The New South, Industrialism, and the Discovery of Oil

Texas, Industrialism and the New South n Land grants and railroads n Industrializing Texas

Texas, Industrialism and the New South n Land grants and railroads n Industrializing Texas – railroad development: T & P, MK & T (the Katy) n Gilded Age – corporations and monopolies: Collis Huntington and Jay Gould n Land policy n Other industrial development: lumber, agricultural derivatives: flour and cotton

Texas at the Turn of the 20 th Century n n Early oil discoveries:

Texas at the Turn of the 20 th Century n n Early oil discoveries: Nacogdoches and Corsicana – James M. Guffey and John H. Galey (Mellon money) Patillo Higgins and Cpt. Anthony Lucas January 10, 1901 Growth of the oil industry – companies

Spindletop 1903

Spindletop 1903

Oil’s Legacy n Spin-off industries n Other finds: Sour Lake (1902); Humble (1905); Goose

Oil’s Legacy n Spin-off industries n Other finds: Sour Lake (1902); Humble (1905); Goose Creek (1908); Electra (1904); Mexia (1912, 1921); Burkburnett (1913); Desdemona (1918); etc. n Frontier mentality – the oil town = cattle town? n Changing the economic pursuits of Texans away from the 19 th century standbys

Labor’s Response Organized labor?

Labor’s Response Organized labor?

New Styles in the Nineteenth Century The NineteenthNew Styles in the Nineteenth Century The Nineteenth
RealismNaturalism Regionalism Late Nineteenth Century American Literary TechniquesRealismNaturalism Regionalism Late Nineteenth Century American Literary Techniques
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