The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in

The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague

·óka Romani Poland Ukra ine Czechia tria Aus Hungary

·óka Romani NC tria Aus SC Hungary Ukra Czechia ine Poland

V R V R V R R

V R V R R Hungarian V Slovak V R R

Vowel length • Phonemics • • • correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs length also in consonants: geminates quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded

Vowel length • Phonemics • • • correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs length also in consonants: geminates quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded • Phonotactics • • • independent of (the always initial) stress position independent of position within word restrictions on codas: some fricatives, almost no plosives, few clusters

Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H tégla < H csúfnév

Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H tégla < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H tégla < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò • Croatian Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’

Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H tégla < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò • Croatian Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ prósto ‘non-Rom’ perníca ‘pillow’ < *prosto < *pernica < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’ < C pro´st ‘simple’ < C pï´rnica ‘blanket’

Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H tégla < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò • Croatian Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ prósto ‘non-Rom’ perníca ‘pillow’ < *Poljako < *prosto < *pernica < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’ < C pro´st ‘simple’ < C pï´rnica ‘blanket’

Lengthening • Substitutive • in polysyllables in pretonic position bokhálo ‘hungry’ < *bokhálo bokhalíle ‘they got hungry’ < *bokhalíle • in monosyllables (in tonic position) béng ‘devil’ < *beng káj ‘where’ < *kaj

Lengthening • Substitutive • in polysyllables in pretonic position bokhálo ‘hungry’ < *bokhálo bokhalíle ‘they got hungry’ < *bokhalíle • in monosyllables (in tonic position) béng ‘devil’ < *beng káj ‘where’ < *kaj • Compensator y • through contraction: V(V). v. V > VV -á 1 SG. FUT < *-ava dí ‘day’ < díve < *dives • through monophthongization: V(V)v. > VV sú ‘needle’ < *suv kólo ‘soft’ < *kovlo

Polysyllables • • a) disyllables: no coda báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’ gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’ koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *ko. Ro • párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’

Polysyllables • • a) disyllables: no coda báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’ gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’ koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *ko. Ro • párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’ • • b) polysyllables (>2): no coda & nucleus a barválo ‘rich’, bokh-ál-o ‘hungry’, guruv-án-o ‘beef’, am-ár-o ‘our’, gadÏ-ikán-o ‘non-Rom’ dilino ‘silly’, ka‰uko ‘deaf’, ka‰t-un-o ‘wooden’ •

Polysyllables: cross-dialect ·óka • nevo ‘new’ • pharo ‘heavy’ + phuro ‘old’ ão. Ro ‘poor’ kalo ‘black’ ãalo ‘replete’ laãho ‘good’ ‰uko ‘dry’ ka‰uko ‘deaf’ terno–‘young’ – bango ‘crooked’ -al-un- • • • • • + Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian + + + – + + + ± + 0 + + – – – + + – – – + + ± + + + 0 (–) – + + – – 0 ± – + + + – – 0 – – – – –

Polysyllables: cross-dialect ·óka • nevo ‘new’ • pharo ‘heavy’ + phuro ‘old’ ão. Ro ‘poor’ kalo ‘black’ ãalo ‘replete’ laãho ‘good’ ‰uko ‘dry’ ka‰uko ‘deaf’ terno–‘young’ – bango ‘crooked’ -al-un- • • • • • + Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian + + + – + + + ± + 0 + + – – – + + – – – + + ± + + + 0 (–) – + + – – 0 ± – + + + – – 0 – – – – –

Polysyllables: cross-dialect ·óka • nevo ‘new’ • pharo ‘heavy’ + phuro ‘old’ ão. Ro ‘poor’ kalo ‘black’ ãalo ‘replete’ laãho ‘good’ ‰uko ‘dry’ ka‰uko ‘deaf’ terno–‘young’ – bango ‘crooked’ -al-un- • • • • • + Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian + + + – + + + ± + 0 + + – – – + + – – – + + ± + + + 0 (–) – + + – – 0 ± – + + + – – 0 – – – – –

Polysyllables: cross-dialect ·óka • nevo ‘new’ • pharo ‘heavy’ + phuro ‘old’ ão. Ro ‘poor’ kalo ‘black’ ãalo ‘replete’ laãho ‘good’ ‰uko ‘dry’ ka‰uko ‘deaf’ terno–‘young’ – bango ‘crooked’ -al-un- • • • • • + Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian + + + – + + + ± + 0 + + – – – + + – – – + + ± + + + 0 (–) – + + – – 0 ± – + + + – – 0 – – – – –

Monosyllables • a) rhotic coda: lengthening • bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér • ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’ bár ‘stone’ < *ba. R, pér ‘abdomen’ < • *pe. R • kher ‘house’ –

Monosyllables • a) rhotic coda: lengthening • bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér • ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’ bár ‘stone’ < *ba. R, pér ‘abdomen’ < • *pe. R • • b) other codas: no lengthening mol ‘wine’, pral ‘brother’, Èhil ‘butter’ etc. ãhon ‘moon’, lon ‘salt’, men ‘neck’ etc. baj ‘sleeve’, muj ‘mouth’, roj ‘spoon’ etc. dÏuv ‘louse’, gav ‘village’, jiv ‘snow’ etc. mas ‘meat’, phus ‘straw’ etc. bast ‘luck’, dand ‘tooth’ etc. • • • kher ‘house’ – – – gój ‘intestine’ hév ‘hole’ vé‰ ‘forest’ béng ‘devil’

Monosyllables: cross-dialect ·óka • • • • Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian bar ‘garden’ ba. R ‘stone’ kher ‘house’ zor ‘power’ mol ‘wine’ khul ‘excrement’ + + – – + + – ± + + + – – – + + + + 0 + – + – + – – + kan ‘ear’ phen ‘sister’ jag ‘fire’ jakh ‘eye’ nakh ‘nose’ ber‰ ‘year’ beng ‘devil’ – – – + – – – ± + – – – – + – – – + – –

Monosyllables: cross-dialect ·óka • • • • Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian bar ‘garden’ ba. R ‘stone’ kher ‘house’ zor ‘power’ mol ‘wine’ khul ‘excrement’ + + – – + + – ± + + + – – – + + + + 0 + – + – + – – + kan ‘ear’ phen ‘sister’ jag ‘fire’ jakh ‘eye’ nakh ‘nose’ ber‰ ‘year’ beng ‘devil’ – – – + – – – ± + – – – – + – – – + – –

Monosyllables: cross-dialect ·óka • • • • Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian bar ‘garden’ ba. R ‘stone’ kher ‘house’ zor ‘power’ mol ‘wine’ khul ‘excrement’ + + – – + + – ± + + + – – – + + + + 0 + – + – + – – + kan ‘ear’ phen ‘sister’ jag ‘fire’ jakh ‘eye’ nakh ‘nose’ ber‰ ‘year’ beng ‘devil’ – – – + – – – ± + – – – – + – – – + – –

Hierarchies • Phonetic • coda or following onset • • nucleus vowel quality number of syllables sonorant > obstruent > cluster rhotic > liquid > nasal dental, velar > labial voiced > voiceless low > other disyllabic > polysyllabic

Hierarchies • Phonetic • coda or following onset • • nucleus vowel quality number of syllables sonorant > obstruent > cluster rhotic > liquid > nasal dental, velar > labial voiced > voiceless low > other disyllabic > polysyllabic • Extraphonetic • • • lexical frequency frequent > less frequent function words: ój ‘s/he’, ón ‘they’, káj ‘where’ numerals: jék ‘one’, dúj ‘two’, trín ‘three’, pándÏ ‘five’

Lexicalization • Lexical split gada ‘shirts’ anglal ‘from the front of’ gáda ‘clothes’ ánglal ‘in/to the front’

Lexicalization • Lexical split gada ‘shirts’ anglal ‘from the front of’ gáda ‘clothes’ ánglal ‘in/to the front’ • Hypoanalysis ‰úÏo ‘clean’ > ‰úÏ-ón-e ‘cleanly’ dél ‘God’ > déll-ór-o ‘Jesus’ > déll-ór-ikán-o ‘Jesus-like’ báro ‘big’ > bárì-íl-e ‘they grew’ bokhálo ‘hungry’ > bokhal-íl-e ‘they got hungry’

Iconicity • Adverbs ánd-e ‘(to) inside’ ándr-al ‘inside’ ángl-e ‘fore-’ ángl-al ‘in/to the front’ tél-e ‘downwards’ tél-al ‘down’ ándr-altú ‘from inside’ ángl-altú ‘from the front’ tél-altú ‘from down’ • Related prepositions and-i ‘in, into’ and-ar ‘out of’ angl-i ‘in front of’ angl-al ‘from the front of’ tal ‘under’ tal-al ‘from under’

Morphologization • Perfective lengthening ha- ‘eat’ pi- ‘drink’ mer- ‘die’ per- ‘fall’ dÏa- ‘go’ prav- ‘open’ av- ‘come’ ov- ‘be, become, bear’ rov- ‘weep’ sov- ‘sleep’ phír- ‘walk’ merav- ‘cause to die’ há-lpí-lmú-lpé-lgé-lprá-dá-lú-lrú-nsú-tphír-dmera-d-

“Syntacticization” • Head • Modifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’

“Syntacticization” • Head • Modifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna sne amáre ‘the houses mri dajkhera somorúni ssa ‘my mum was were sad’ ours’ o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’ somorúni daj ‘sad mum’ térno rom ‘young man’

“Syntacticization” • Head • Modifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna sne amáre ‘the houses mri dajkhera somorúni ssa ‘my mum was were sad’ ours’ o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’ somorúni daj ‘sad mum’ térno rom ‘young man’ • Split stress > split length • phúro < *phuro • phuro rom < *phuro rom phurÿ gjas o m�r‰ ‘the man grew old’ phurÿ m�r‰ ‘old man’

Summary universals Hungarian phonological lengthening phonemics word-level phonotactics *·óka lexicalization morphologization ·óka