The Surge of Religious Polychrome Sculptures in the

The Surge of Religious Polychrome Sculptures in the Golden Age of Spain as Vivid Artistic Reponses to the Call of the Counter Reformation By: Samantha Tromba Advised by: Dr. Tracy Cosgriff The College of Wooster Department of Art and Art History

Sevilla, Spain John W. , O’Malley and Johann Bernhard Staudt, The Jesuits Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts: 1540 -1773: Edited by John W. O’Malley. . . Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. 39.

Chapter 1 Relics and Reliquaries • What is a relic? A physical object that holds the virtus, or the virtue and power, of the holy person. Gateways to heaven • Reliquaries were protective shells to the original relic, often crafted with gold, silver, ivory, and gems • Likeness and presence: Artist’s realistic depictions allowed for the true presence of the holy figure to be transformed into the image Reliquary Bust of St. Francis Xavier, Cordoba, 1583 -1627, Seville. Church of the Annunciation, University of Seville. John W. , O’Malley and Johann Bernhard Staudt, The Jesuits Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts: 1540 -1773: Edited by John W. O’Malley. . . Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. 39.

Chapter 2 Empathy and Art • “Immerse themselves in the passion” • Inward compassionate devotion • Passionate devotion to Christ’s humanity and His victory over sin and death • Share the emotions of the Blessed Mother Juan Martínez Montañes and Francisco Pacheco, Christ on the Cross or Cristo de la Clemencia, 1603 -6. Polychromed wood. Sevilla Cathedral. David S. , Areford. The Viewer and the Printed Image in Late Medieval Europe. Routledge, 2017. 29. Rachel, Fulton. From Judgement to Passion, Devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary, 800 -1200. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 2002. 61.

Chapter 3 Processional Performance • Spanish Holy Week Processions • Imaginative prayer • Streets of Spain transformed into those of Jerusalem • Reenactment of the Passion of Christ • Virgin Mary as the throne of the Lord Pedro Roldán, Joselito el Gallo, 17 th century. Virgen de la Esperanza de Macarena de Sevilla (Virgin of Hope of Macarena). Basilica of Macarena, Seville, Spain.

Conclusion • • Form of living relic Direct encounter with holiness Inspiring acts of empathy and compassion Participate in the Passion narrative through Ignatius of Loyola’s imaginative prayer • Future research: • Miraculous abilities of these sculptures and how they come to reinforce the faithful truth • Spanish Royal devotions to specific sculptures Spiritual Exercises. 106, 121, 247.

Acknowledgements • My advisor, Dr. Tracy Cosgriff • Henry J. Copeland fund • My Dad, family, and friends