The suitable utilization and Development of the water

The suitable utilization and Development of the water resources Professor and Doctor Ngo Dinh Tuan

Summary Vietnam is an average country at water resources but having many unsustainable factors. The un-sustainability is more and more increasing seriously due to the global climate change, the un-reasonable use, management and development of water resources leading to the degradation, exhaustion of water resources. For effective prevention and restoration of water resources, this report recommends solutions for sustainable use and development of water resources which need to be interested and implemented timely and synchronously

I. Viet Nam has the water resources at the average level in the world and consists of many unsustainable factors 1. Viet Nam has around 830 billion m 3 of the surface water; of which, just 310 billion m 3 are from the rainfall within the territory, and the remaining of 63% is from the rainfall in different countries. The total potential reserve of underground water resources, which is except for water resources in the islands, is estimated at 60 billion m 3 per year. The water reserve at the initial stage of exploration only reaches 8 billion m 3 per year (Accounting for around 13% of the total reserve). Taking account of both the surface and underground water resources within the territory, Viet Nam has the average amount of 4400 m 3 per capita/year (The worldwide average amount is 7400 m 3 per capita/year). In accordance with evaluative criteria of the International Water Resources Association, The countries, those have the amount of water below 4000 m 3 per capita/year, are categorized as the countries suffering from the water shortage. Therefore, Viet Nam is one of the countries which have been suffered from the water shortage in the present as well as in the near future (Actually; if the amount of water resources flowing to the territory is added, Viet Nam has the average of around 10, 600 m 3 per capital/year).

I. Viet Nam has the water resources at the average level in the world and consists of many unsustainable factors 2. The unsustainable factors in Viet Nam’s water resources The amount of water resources flowing to the territory accounts for around two third of the total water reserve. Those water sources are very difficult to control and even unusable. The surface and underground water are distributed unevenly. In terms of the geographical distribution, Bach Ma area has the highest amount of rainfall with 8000 mm per year, the rainfall in Bac Giang and Ba Na is recorded by 5000 mm per year. Meanwhile, the rainfall in Phan Ri river mouth is measured approximately at 400 mm per year. In terms of time distribution, the flood season only lasts from 3 – 5 months, but the water reserve in this season accounts for 70 – 85% of the annual water reserve. In the flood season, the highest amount of rainfall in one day could be higher than 1500 mm, but in the dry season there has been no rain for several months. The coastal areas in the Middle region of Viet Nam hold the record for the occurrence of floods and rains in the whole Southeast Asian region. Droughts posed severe impacts. Therefore, it is necessary to reserve water sources in the flood season to adjust and supplement the water sources in the dry season, this is the most important and positive measure.

I. Viet Nam has the water resources at the average level in the world and consists of many unsustainable factors 3) The disadvantages of the utilization and management of water resources Viet Nam has around 2360 rivers with the length over 10 km. 13 catchment areas of the main rivers and tributaries cover the areas of over 10. 000 km 2; of which, 10 out of 13 rivers are shared with the neighboring countries: 3 out of 12 rivers have the upstream areas in Viet Nam’s territory and the downstream areas are in the neighboring countries, the remaining 7 rivers have the upstream areas in the neighboring countries and the downstream areas are in Viet Nam. This shows that Viet Nam has the obligations for the benefits of the water resources with other countries base on the sharing and unanimous principles. The total reserve of water resources with p = 75% reaches 720 billion m 3 per year. The water reserve of the dry season are estimated at 170 billion m 3 (Including 30 billion m 3 which are supplemented from the reservoirs till 2010). The total demand for water will be 110 billion m 3 in 2010, the demand in the dry season will be 85 billion m 3 (Excluding the water reserve used to ensure the biological environment in the downstream areas). The ineffective management could result in the possibility of the water shortage till 2010, the water shortage is obvious in some areas and some periods, especially for the regions of Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Daklak, Daknong, Mekong river delta, the Midlands along Thai Binh river and Red river, and the coastal areas.

I. Viet Nam has the water resources at the average level in the world and consists of many unsustainable factors 4) The exhaustion of water resources is increased. The population increases, but the amount of water per capita is decreased. This amount was at 16, 641 m 3 per capita in 1943. If Viet Nam’s population reaches 150 million people, the amount of water per capita is just 2467 m 3 per year. The amount is approximate to the countries which are suffered from the water shortage. Because the countries in the upstream areas increase the water utilization in the negative direction. For example: China has been built more than 10 large reservoirs along Mekong river and Nguyen river; Laos has been built 35 irrigational – hydroelectric works including 27 reservoirs in the tributaries and 8 spillways in the main stream of the river. Thailand already has 10 reservoirs and plans to build more. Cambodia also has the plan to keep the water in the Tonle Sap Lake at a certain level to develop the irrigation…

I. Viet Nam has the water resources at the average level in the world and consists of many unsustainable factors - The deforestation is increasingly expanded with the purposes of planting coffee plants (when the coffee bean are at a high price), making woods, timbers, and the cultivated areas…The deforestation is very difficult to control; as a result, many rivers and streams are dried up in the dry season, but the erosion and the severity are intensified in the flood season…Additionally, the biodiversity is also damaged seriously. - The water pollution is on the rise due to the rapid urbanization, industrialization and modernization. Meanwhile, the sewage and waste treatment are not under the close supervision. Besides, water pollution is also caused by the increasing and uncontrollable utilization of the chemical pesticides and fertilizers, the direct flows of the untreated sewage and waste from the aquacultural ponds to water sources….

II. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the impacts of the global climate change 1. It is confirmed that the atmospheric temperature is on the increase. In 2070, the acceptable scenario may be the possibility of increasing by + 1. 5 o. C in the coastal areas, + 2. 5 o. C in the hinterland. Consequently, the water evaporation will be raised by around 7. 7 8. 4%, the irrigation demand also increases, the surface water streams will be decreased if the rainfall patterns remain unchanged.

II. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the impacts of the global climate change 2. Storms, El Nino and La Nina phenomenon will intensify the climatic extremes. As a result, the streams during the year within the rivers also intensify the extreme characteristics. 1) In the years under the occurrence of La Nina phenomenon, the number of storms and tropical depressions, which affected Viet Nam’s weather, is bigger than in the years under the influence of El Nino phenomenon. In these years, if the cold fronts occur, there will be the big floods, which have both long-term and widespread impacts. 2) In the years under the occurrence of El Nino phenomenon, just a small number of storms and tropical depressions have impacts on Viet Nam’s weather, but there also the storms and tropical depressions with high level of intensity causing very serious damage. 3) In general, the storms, which have impacts on Viet Nam, tend to increase both the intensity and the frequency. The occurrences of storms those hit the coastal areas in the North and the Middle of Viet Nam tend to follow the sequential direction in each period. In recent years, it has been a tendency that many storms affect the coastal areas of Viet Nam’s Middle region, especially for the coastal area in the Southernmost of the Middle region.

II. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the impacts of the global climate change 3. Droughts. El Nino phenomenon has the close relationship with the severe droughts in Viet Nam. In the years under the occurrence of El Nino phenomenon, the rainfall and the amount of stream flows are remarkably decreased, particularly in the dry season. Even though, there is not any stream flow such as Long Song River, Luy River… (Binh Thuan), Lrong. Buk river (Daklak), Ha Thanh river (Binh Dinh)…droughts are too severe that the animals could not survive, so that people have to move the animals to the other regions. Thousands hectare of plants died because of the water shortage. 4. The deep invasion of sea water since the sea level increases 20 mm/ year on average that has significant impacts on water supply, drainage and water degradation. 5. Water pollution: due to droughts, river water become exhausted that can not afford dilution. As a consequence, river water becomes increasingly polluted and degraded.

III. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the unsuitable, incomprehensive development and utilization 1. The socio-economic developments are related to the increase of the green house effect – The population increase leaded to the development of the rice plantation areas and the rice output. – Comparing the year 2000 with the year 1900: Viet Nam’ population rose by 1. 6 times, Frice increased by 2. 56 times and the total rice production volume increases by 8. 2 times. – The deforestation and reforestation. In 1943, forests covered 43% of the territory; the current coverage of the forests is just estimated at 35% of the territory. However, the quality of forests is degraded seriously; most of them are the secondary forests, the degraded forests and the artificial forests. – Before 1994, the total reserve of the irrigational – hydroelectric reservoirs reached 20 billion m 3 and the total effective reserve was 16 million m 3. – Due to the utilization from the energy sources such as coal, gas, the industrial processes and the waste; the great amount of greenhouse gases were released.

III. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the unsuitable, incomprehensive development and utilization 2. The unsuitable, incomprehensive development and utilization of water resources a. To block the distributaries to utilize the alluvial grounds behind the dykes for the agricultural production. For example: 1) In 1990, Ca Lo river mouth, the natural distributary of Red River, was blocked. Ca Lo River became a tributary of Cau River to reserve the rain water and the sewage which were polluted by the organic substances, oil and grease. 2) In 1937, Day River was blocked by the Day dam; Day River became the dead-end river (From the Day dam to Ba Tha). In 1976, Day river mouth was covered by the Van Coc culvert and Cua Hat dam in order to utilize the reservoir form Van Coc to Day dam. At present, Day River Nhue River has been turned into the reserve of the sewage, the polluted water from the large urban areas such as Ha Noi and Ha Tay and they are under very alarming condition.

III. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the unsuitable, incomprehensive development and utilization. b. The small rivers flowing through the cities are severely polluted by the sewage from the civil and industrial processes. 1) Phuong Hoang stream flowing through Thai Nguyen city is seriously polluted by the untreated sewage of the De paper production factory. 2) To Lich, Set, Kim Nguu River…those flow through Ha Noi capital are severely polluted, but these rivers also flow directly to Nhue River. 3) Nhieu Loc – Thi Nghe canal, Tau Hu canal, Tan Hoa – Lo Gom canal, Tham luong canal, Doi – Te canal and other canals run through the urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City then flow directly to Sai Gon River and cause the severe pollution.

III. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the unsuitable, incomprehensive development and utilization c) In general, the rivers could divide the polluted areas where the rivers flow through the urban areas, industrial zones, handicraft villages or the agricultural activities… d) Construction of the spillways to use up the basic amount of water and create the “dry area” of the river below the spillways. 1) In the dry season, the spillways used for irrigation had the spillovers in 30 years ago such as Thach Nham dam in Tra Khuc River, Lai Giang dam in Dai Giang River, Dong Cam dam in Da Rang River, Nha Trinh – Lam Cam in Cai River of Nha Trang…But in several recent decades, the increase of irrigated areas, water demands for civil and industrial utilization combining with the serious deforestation of the watershed forests, the catchment areas of those dams have run out of water in the dry season, this situation could lasted several months in case of without the occurrences of rain. In these catchment areas, many people live along the river banks and on the river, so that people have been influenced noticeably by the above phenomenon.

III. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the unsuitable, incomprehensive development and utilization 2) The spillways used for the hydroelectric generation: - Creating the “dead” sections of rivers between the catchment areas of the dams and the hydroelectric plants. Although, just a small number of people live in these areas; the damage to the biodiversity and the aquatic ecosystem should be noticed. - - Because the adjustment of the water resources is carried out in the day and evening, there is no water in half of the day in the catchment areas. Therefore, this phenomenon has remarkable impacts on both the socio-economic activities related to the waterway transportation and the aquatic habitats of animals and plants.

III. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the unsuitable, incomprehensive development and utilization. In accordance with the master plan; for a long time, the designs of the e. reservoirs have not taken the adequate consideration for the environmental flow in the catchment area of the dam. Therefore, this caused the complaints by many local people and areas. f. The overexploitation and the lack of planning and unanimity in the utilization of water resources. 1) The overexploitation of the underground water caused the severe pollution in Daklak, Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan. It required the measures to supplement the water resources. 2) In accordance with the master plan for water resources, the demand for irrigated areas in 5 provinces in the Central Highland would be 80, 000 hectare of coffee plants. However, Daklak province (the former name of the province) planted 260, 000 hectare of coffee plants; as a result, thousands hectare of coffee plants died due to the water shortage.

III. Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the unsuitable, incomprehensive development and utilization h. The management of water resources lacks the concentration, the mutual connection and the unanimity. Which resulted in: - - The “artificial” shortage of water occurred because this was no operational process for management of water resources for the lakes in the dry season (Annually, the water reserve of Red River could not meet the requirement of the necessary water level in February and March). agencies and sectors issued the regulations but none of them can make the decision. For example: Giang Son gauging station has three regulations for a section of Giang Son bridge in Krong Ana River. Three regulations were issued by three ministries: Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Three prohibited signs have the same content: No exploitation of sand. In fact, the regulations are not obeyed: The pivots of the bridge are still eroded; many boats exploit the sand that caused the erosion of the riverbanks and distorted the data of hydrographic measurements.

IV. The measures for the suitable development and utilization of the water resources in Viet Nam 1. To limit and mitigate the degradation of the water global climate change. resources due to the a. Reduction of the greenhouse gases in accordance with the National Action plan. b. From 1994 – 2020, the additional number of around 70 reservoirs used for irrigation and hydroelectricity has been build, these reservoirs have the following indicators: Vhi 10 million m 3 with Vtb 50 billion m 3 and Vhi 33 billion m 3; of which, there are 46 reservoirs with Vhi 400 million m 3. c. To upgrade, improve and expand the system used for dealing with floods and inundation. 1) To upgrade the old systems 2) To plan the supplementary construction of the new system that is independent from the system of irrigation and water supply. 3) To implement completely the Law on Water Resources, Law on Environment Protection, Law on the Protection of Dykes…in order to ensure the measures for floods, protect the riverbanks, to adjust and harness the riverbed and the river mouth with the purpose of mitigating the floods.

IV. The measures for the suitable development and utilization of the water resources in Viet Nam d. Improving the sea dykes and the dykes at the location of the estuaries e. Strengthening the structural improvements for the river dykes to ensure the safety of the dykes in accordance with the regulations for the designed level of water. g. Utilizing suitably the wastelands h. Implementing the clean production mechanism 2. To limit and mitigate the degradation of the water resources due to the unsuitable development and utilization of water resources a. Reduce the demand for water 1) To save water resources used for the irrigation. 2) To reduce the loss of water resources:

IV. The measures for the suitable development and utilization of the water resources in Viet Nam - To build the canals and ditches - To upgrade the key components of the irrigation system - To improve the effectiveness of the management . The management is in accordance with the demand for water utilization and does not based on the capacity of the system. v . Creating favorable conditions for the participation of the society, the citizen and community in the management v . Strengthening management capacity 3) To change to the structure of plants and animal breeds which have low demand for water .

IV. The measures for the suitable development and utilization of the water resources in Viet Nam 4) To prevent the water pollution b) The industry 1) To improve the effectiveness of the water recycling 2) To build the sewage treatment system 3) To prevent the pollution of the water resources c) Tourism – Service – Domestic utilization 1) To use the water efficiently and prevent the waste of water sources 2) To reduce suitably the demand for water, improve the appliances those process the water. 3) To prevent the pollution of the water resources

IV. The measures for the suitable development and utilization of the water resources in Viet Nam d. The water exploitation and utilization have to be in parallel with the protection of the water resources, guarantee of the environmental flows in order to keep the river clean, to protect and develop the aquatic ecosystem. To legitimize the content of ensuring the environmental flow in the planning, design and operation of the spillways and reservoirs those used for irrigation and hydroelectricity. To have the plan of improving the underground water for the areas where were under the overexploitation of water sources in order to prevent the desertization process. e. To invest in the researches of the assessment and the planning for the long-term forecast of water resources. In order to have the suitable and safe plans for water utilization, it is necessary to prepare the seasonal, yearly and long-term forecasts on the water resources, natural disasters in parallel with La Nina and El Nino phenomenon… g. To manage comprehensively the water resources. The watershed management organization should have the suitable and efficient structure of management.

IV. The measures for the suitable development and utilization of the water resources in Viet Nam h. To protect the aquatic environment, to prevent and mitigate the water pollution, to implement strictly the new laws and the relevant documents. 1) Understand implement completely the Law on Environmental Protection, Law on Water Resources, Law on the protection of Dykes, the National Strategy on Water Resources to 2020 and other relevant decrees, regulations issued by the Government. 2) Impose the fee on the polluters. 3) Create favorable conditions for the society, the community to participate in the management and protection of the aquatic environment. 4) To reform, improve and restore the polluted rivers, the dead-end rivers such as Nhue River, Day River, Cau River, Sai Gon River and the rivers as well as the canals flowing through the urban areas.

IV. The measures for the suitable development and utilization of the water resources in Viet Nam 3. To limit and mitigate the degradation of the water resources due to the shortcomings of the management, the organization and the law. 1) The Government should issue the complete and comprehensive sublaw documents in order to guide the implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection and the other Laws related to the water resources. 2) The Government should amend the Law on Water Resources in compliance with the current condition of the socio-economic development (that already showed some shortcomings) and the sub-law documents.

IV. The measures for the suitable development and utilization of the water resources in Viet Nam 3) The Government should focus and unify the agencies for management of the water resources from the central to the grass root level and to form the suitable organizations of watershed management which have the specific tasks and functions. These organizations are operated and managed efficiently by the “people in the watershed areas” with the assistance from the central level (The organizations should not just focus on managing the master plans; in fact, the master plans have not been formed yet. The managers and directors are mainly “People of the central level” so that the operations are ineffective and felt into the formalism). 4) The Government should implement the mechanism and policies to encourage people, the community organizations to participate really in the protection of water resources, the aquatic environment. Additionally, to create favorable conditions for people to participate from the stage of planning the construction to the stage of exploitation, utilization and protection. 5) The Government should promulgate the documents regulating gradually the adequate environmental flow for the rivers to ensure that the rivers are alive, healthy and clean. This lays the foundation for the sustainable development of water resources.

V. Conclusion 1) The degradation of water resources due to the Climate change and the socio-economic development is obvious and remarkable. 2) The most obvious impact of Climate change is the increase of atmospheric temperature which resulted in raising the water evaporation and the demand for water utilization. The Climate change also increases the water level as well as the frequency and intensity of the storms that influenced Viet Nam. In combination with El Nino – La Nina phenomenon, Climate change caused the natural disasters such as storms, floods, droughts, flash floods and the invasion of the sea water.

V. Conclusion 3) The socio-economic development resulted in the pollution for the river sections, the whole river (in the urban areas) or created the dead-end rivers and river sections. 4) The measures for improvement and mitigation are only effective when they are collectively and unanimously implemented from the central level to the grass root level and vice versa including the improvement of awareness, understanding to the specific activities and actions

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