The student will analyze the origins and impact

The student will analyze the origins and impact of U. S. involvement in World War I. STANDARD 15

Outbreak of WWI Review � Germany and Austria-Hungary form an alliance � France and Russia form an alliance �(Germany is located in the middle and would have a two front war if they were ever at war with either country)

Outbreak of WWI Review � Austria-Hungary, in an imperialistic effort, takes over Bosnia �Serbian nationalists wanted to combine with Bosnia to form a super Slavic state � Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, visits Bosnia in 1914 where he and his wife are assassinated by a Serbian terrorist �Austria-Hungary blames the Serbian government for the assassination and declares war

Outbreak of WWI Review � Russia had an alliance with Serbia and mobilized its army � Now Germany (Austria-Hungary’s ally) and France (Russia’s ally) were drawn into war �Germany’s top military commander had designed a war plan for a scenario such as this they would attack France first and then concentrate on Russia

Outbreak of WWI Review � Germany prepared to march into France through Belgium �Great Britain had an alliance with Belgium �When German soldiers marched into Belgium, Great Britain declared war on Germany

Outbreak of WWI Review � Great Britain, France, and Russia (the Allies) fight the biggest and most brutal war the world has ever seen against Germany and Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers)

WWI Review � Nationalism began to rise in Europe – a deep devotion to one’s nation. �This can unify a country, but it can also it can also cause completion for power

WWI Review � Imperialism was another problem facing Europe �At times, war almost broke out over colonial possessions ○ Predominately in Africa and Asia

WWI Review � Militarism – glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war �The great powers of Europe all had large armies by 1914 (except Great Britain) �Plans were made to be able to quickly mobilize, organize, and move in case of war

WWI Review � Alliances were made all over Europe with the intent to keep peace – but this would backfire � 1879 – Bismarck (Germany) made a dual alliance with Austria-Hungary and 3 years later Italy joined to make the Triple Alliance

WWI Review � In response, Britain forms an alliance with France and Russia called the Triple Entente � Now had two powerful camps in Europe �Triple Alliance �Triple Entente

Great Britain Russia Germany France Austria. Hungary ly Ita

WWI Review � The war would now be divided into two fronts �Western Front (German/French Border) �Eastern Front (German/Russian Border)

Eastern y an Front Western Front France rm e G Russia

WWI Review � Both sides dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire – this is known as trench warfare �Armies would trade large amounts of life for pitifully small land gains

� a. Describe the movement from U. S. neutrality to engagement in World War I, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare.

US Neutrality � World War I began in Europe in 1914 �President Woodrow Wilson was determined to guarantee U. S. neutrality ○ Keep the United States out of the war ○ Saw no reason to join a war 3, 000 miles away

US in WWI � Britain used its Navy to set up a blockade of the German coast �By 1917, estimated 750, 000 Germans starved to death � Germany responded with a counter blockade �Used U-boats (Unterseeboot – German word for submarine)

US in WWI � In 1915 the luxury liner Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine �Killing most of the people on board, including more than 100 U. S. citizens � This turned public opinion against Germany

US in WWI � This led to a crisis between the United States and Germany �Was resolved when Germany agreed to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare � In 1917 Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, �This heightened tension was one reason the U. S. would enter the war

US in WWI � Zimmerman note �Telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico ○ Proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany �Mexico would get Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back �This was the another reason the US would join the war

US in WWI � At the time the US declared war, only 200, 000 men were in the service �Selective Service Act ○ Register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service �Within a year, 24 million men registered � 3 million were called up � 2 million would reach Europe - ¾ of them saw actual action � 400, 000 African American served - Most in France

US in WWI � 8 month training period � 17 hour days �Target practice �Bayonet drills �Kitchen duty �Cleaning up the grounds � Real weapons were in short supply �Rocks instead of grenades �Sticks instead of rifles

US in WWI � Convoy System �Helped merchant ships get back and forth to Europe with goods �Defensive barrier of ships ○ Destroyers ○ Cruisers ○ Etc…

US in WWI � Europeans had been fighting for years and were exhausted and demoralized � Americans were fresh and enthusiastic

US in WWI � New Weapons (refined) �Machine Gun �Tank �Airplane

Bayonet

Introduction � Tradition says it was developed in Bayonne, France, in the early 17 th century � It was used by all sides throughout the entirety of the war � Use was more psychological than practical

Uses � Toasting bread � Opening cans � Scrape mud off uniforms � Preparation of latrines � Good chance you wouldn’t hit one of your own

Simple Design � Most looked like a knife � French used a needle blade � Germans had a ‘saw-back’ �Allies used this as ‘Propaganda’ against the Germans �Most likely it was just used as a saw when needed

Close Combat Fighting � 1. 2. You did not want to aim at the following areas: Chest – if you hit the breastbone, might have problems getting it out Groin – most people would grab bayonet and then you would have to remove it to continue

Flamethrower

Introduction � Used by the Germans in the early phases of the war � It brought terror to both the British and the French � It was quickly adopted by both sides

How it works � Spread fire by launching fuel � Date as far back as the 5 th century �Like a blow gun…had a burning solid (such as coal) and propel it at their enemy

Flammenwerfer � Kleinflammenwerfer – smaller/lighter �Portable �Carried by a single man �Pressurized air and carbon dioxide or nitrogen it belched forth a stream of burning oil for as much as 18 meters

Flammenwerfer � Grossflammenwerfer – larger �Worked the same (pretty much) �One man could not carry it �Max range was twice as far �Could sustain flames for 40 seconds �Very expensive to use

Use in war � Groups of six during battle �Each machine used by two men �Mostly to clear forward defenders preceding their infantry �Used at short range � Very dangerous for user �Had gas cylinder on back (explode) �Kill all those around you �Life expectancy was short � Germans had launched over 650 attacks

Grenades

Introduction � Name probably dates from the French word for ‘pomegranate’ � May date back as far as the 15 th century

Bombing Parties � Weapon was used mostly by grenadiers �Task was the bombing of trenches and positions � British – 9 men at a time �NCO, two throwers, two carriers, two bayonet-men (to defend), and two ‘spare’ just in case � Race down the enemy trench and throw grenades in the dugout area

Two forms of Detonation Impact (percussion) 2. Timed fuse 1. � Timed was preferred ○ Accidental jolt would not kill you ○ Had a pin that set off timer when removed

Rifle Grenade � Attached to a rod and placed down the barrel of a rifle � Could also be placed in a cup attached to the barrel � Launched by the blast of a blank cartridge

After the war � The grenade was so popular by the end of the war that pretty much every country kept them in their armory � During WWII the U. S. alone manufactured over 50 million fragmentation grenades � It’s still in use today

Machine Guns

Introduction � Invented by Hiram Maxim �Gas produced by the explosion of powder in each cartridge created a recoil �This served to continually operate the machine gun �No external power was needed �Water cooled and belt fed �In theory, could fire up to 600 rounds per minute �It was very heavy

The Early Machine Gun � Usually positioned on a flat tripod � Required a crew of 4 -6 operators � Would usually overheat and not operate until it was cooled �So would shoot in short burst instead of long sustained firing

The Early Machine Gun � Water cooled guns would overheat within 2 minutes �If no water was available, would urinate on it � Guns also jammed a lot � Machine Guns placed in groups to maintain a constant defensive position

British Army rejection � Hiram Maxim offered the British the use of the gun first � British army high command could see no real use for the gun � Some said it was an improper form of warfare � The Germans on the other hand had 12, 000 at the beginning of the war

Defensive Warfare � Placed in strong-points to cover potential enemy attack routes � To attack would be very costly

Offensive Warfare � Throughout the war, there was an attempt to make a smaller, lightweight gun � Had very few by the end of the war � Maintaining sufficient ammo was difficult � Heavy guns were hauled on vehicles

Pistols

Introduction � Originally designed as a cavalry weapon � This was the staple of the war � Traditionally, it was issued by officers � Eventually it would be issued to military police, airmen, and tank operators

3 Basic Types 1. Revolvers 2. Clip-loaded automatics 3. ‘Blow-back’ models • Expanding gas caused gun to reload

Rifles

Introduction � The rifle remained the most crucial and most present infantry weapon throughout the war � Single shot (auto and semi-auto not invented until the end of the war) � Used a magazine design � Most ever was 15 rounds a minute (at time) �Average trained soldiers was more like 8 -12 � It was pretty accurate

Sniper’s Friend � Crucial element (other than a human observer) � Sniping grew in importance with the beginnings of trench warfare � Functioned essentially as a assassin � Used on all fronts � Fitted with sights

Poison Gas

Introduction � Considered uncivilized prior to WWI � French were the first to use it (tear gas)

1 st Poison Gas � 1 st poison gas not used until April 1915 � Captured German soldiers warned of the Chlorine Gas…no one listened…French were caught off guard �Within seconds of inhaling it, it would destroy your respiratory organs, bringing on choking

Types of Poison Gas � Phosgene �more potent than Chlorine �could take up to 48 hours until death � Mustard �made by the Germans �was used in artillery shells �almost odorless �blisters internally and externally �remained potent for weeks, so the taking of the area was dangerous

Protection from Gas � 1 st were cotton pads dipped in a solution of bicarbonate and held over the face � In an emergency…holding a urine soaked cloth over face would help � Soon they were using filter respirators � Poison Gas is now banned �Outlawed in 1925

Casualties From Gas Country Casualties Death Austria-Hungary 100, 000 3, 000 British Empire 188, 706 8, 109 France 190, 000 8, 000 Germany 200, 000 9, 000 60, 000 4, 627 419, 340 56, 000 USA 72, 807 1, 462 Others 10, 000 1, 000 Italy Russia

Artillery

Introduction There are two basic types of large artillery 1. Cannon • Fires shell over a long arc and typically hits target head on Howitzer (Mortar) 2. • Lobs the shell over a high arc so it lands atop its target

Cannon

Howitzer (Mortar)

Measurements � Like handguns – measured in calibers �the diameter of the barrel � The largest at the time were naval – called the dreadnoughts � 12 -16 inches � Size would get bigger over time

Movement � The guns cold only be moved slowly by a large tractor � Worst case scenario would be if the gun fell into enemy hands because of a hasty retreat

The Rail Gun � Could be moved quickly along the rail system � Could fire up to 30 miles away �This would allow it to reach far into the enemies rear positions � Largest: French Schneider 520 mm �Shell was over 24 inches in diameter and weighed 3, 100 pounds

Trench Mortars � Short, stumpy tube designed to fire a projectile at a steep angle (higher than 45 degrees) so that it falls down on the enemy � Great for trench warfare � Fired from the trench so than it could not be as easily seen by the enemy � It was light and more mobile

Tanks

Introduction � No one individual is responsible of the tank � It’s design can be drawn back to the 18 th century � Gradual technological developments brought on the unveiling of the tank by the British

Production � 1 st combat tank was ready in 1916 (British) � The French were working on their own – not used until 1917

Early Uses � Deployed before they were ready and proved to be unreliable �Broke down a lot �Got stuck in trenches � Wanted to break the stalemate of trench warfare

Successes � British Tank Corps (474 tanks) captured 10, 000 German troops, 123 guns and 281 machine guns � This victory got rid of any doubt of what the tank would be able to do

Tank vs. Tank � Germans now had their own tanks and could counter attack the Allies

U-Boats

The U-Boat 1) Aft torpedo tubes 2) Electric motor 3) Main engine 4) Control room 5) Mine tubes 6) Forward torpedo tubes 7) Crew quarters

Introduction � 1. 2. The U-boat campaign can be broken into two distinct phases Aimed at allied surface warships Aimed at allied shipping (enforced embargo) ○ This one was more successful ○ This could also bring America into the war

Anti-Submarine Warfare � Hydrophone – allowed destroyers to locate submerged U-boats by detecting the sound of its engines and propeller � SONAR and ASDIC – both introduced towards the end of the war �like and underwater radar � Depth-Charge – drum filled with explosives that blew up at certain depths �con = had to have an idea where they were �pro = sometimes ‘close enough, ’ counted

Damage to the Allies Allied and neutral ships lost during the war 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 To submarines 3 396 964 2, 439 1, 035 To surface craft 55 23 32 64 3 To mines 42 97 161 170 27 To aircraft - - - 3 1

Zeppelins

Introduction � Germany had the ability to bomb Britain from the beginning of the war � The Kaiser thought that was less than gentlemanly since Britain was another ‘Christian nation’ � After being pressured, the Kaiser gave in and started bombing outside London

1915 � This was a good year for the German Zeppelins � Not one single raider was lost to enemy fire � Since it could come in at 10, 000 ft, it kept them out of range of enemy fighters and ground based artillery

Conquering the Threat � The British came up with the invention of incendiary bullets �these would ignite the hydrogen bags inside the hull of the airship

Airplanes

Introduction � Aircraft technology was little over a decade old when Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination led to the outbreak of the ‘Great War’ � At first, it was deemed of little use to the armed service �But that would change

Observation and Reconnaissance � Military saw value in the advantage of the aircraft’s height for an improved view of the battle-field � It was being used by both sides on the Eastern Front � Take pictures – fly straight (easy target) � Also gave locations for artillery fire

Fighters � Pistols and rifles proved to be useless �So did throwing bricks � Started taking machine guns…stand up and fire � A fixed machine gun pointing forward…in order to aim gun, you aim the plane �The propeller became a problem

Bombers � Strategic bombing – reduce your enemies capacity to make war �factories �power stations �dockyards � Tactical bombing – aid your ground forces �transportation �supply facilities �gun-emplacements

Air Aces Germany Manfred von Richthofen 80 France Rene Fonck 75 Canada William Bishop 72 UK Edward Mannock 61 South Africa A. Beauchamp-Proctor 47 Australia Robert Little 47 Ireland George Mc. Elroy 47 Belgium Willy Coppens 37 Austria-Hungary Godwin Brumowski 35 Italy Francesco Baracca 34 USA Eddie Rickenbacker 26 Russia Alexi Kazakov 17

US in WWI � Hazards �Filth �Lice �Rats �Polluted water (dysentery) �Trench foot

US in WWI � By 1917, Russia had withdrawn from the war (Russian Revolution/Bolshevik) � Germany focused its efforts to the Western Front and were within 50 miles of Paris � Americans got there in time to help stop the German advance

US in WWI � Germany started to have problems within its infrastructure �The Kaiser gave up the throne �The new leaders were tired of fighting and agreed to an armistice (cease-fire)

End of WWI � Bloodiest war in history up to that time � 22 million dead ○ More than half were civilians � 20 million wounded � 10 million became refugees � Economic �$338 billion � US loses � 48, 000 in battle / 62, 000 from disease � 200, 000 wounded

� b. Explain the domestic impact of World War I, as reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs.

WWI Impacts at home � War Economy �Wages increased for most industries � Food �Meatless/sweetless/wheatless/porkless � War Financing �Taxes �Bonds � Propaganda �Biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions (Posters and etc…)

WWI Impacts at home � Attacks on civil liberties �Americans who emigrated from other nations ○ Especially those from Germany and Austria. Hungary �Lost jobs �Orchestras wouldn’t play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms �Towns changed their names �Schools didn’t teach German �Books removed from shelves �Hamburgers became Salisbury Steak

WWI Impacts at home � Espionage Act �Made it a crime to communicate any information that would interfere with U. S. military operations or aid its enemies � Eugene V. Debs, the Socialist Party presidential candidate in 1904, 1908, and 1912, was convicted for hindering military recruiting by making a speech against it �Was sentenced to 10 years in prison � Many people supported such laws although they violated the spirit of the First Amendment

WWI Impacts at home � Great Migration �The war created jobs in northeastern and mid-western cities �African Americans, tired of living under the repression that was common in the South, moved to the North by the thousands

� c. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed League of Nations.

Isolationism � Before the United States entered the war, Wilson had given a speech in which he described Fourteen Points he felt were key to avoiding future wars � During the post-war treaty negotiations, Wilson worked hard to get as many as possible of his Fourteen Points included in the treaty �Succeeded in securing the creation of the League of Nations

Isolationism � American opposition to the League of Nations ultimately led the Senate to refuse to ratify the treaty �Isolationists in the Senate believed that by joining the League the United States would become involved in future conflicts in Europe and elsewhere �The United States never joined the League of Nations

14 Points � President Wilson’s peace proposals that outlined a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace � 1 -4 – end secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, reduce national armies and navies � 5 – adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples

14 Points � 6 -13 – self-determination – allow people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live under � 14 – a ‘general association of nations’ that would protect ‘great and small states alike’

League of Nations � Would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war � The US would never join the League but would be an unofficial observer at meetings

Treaty of Versailles � 9 new nations � Shifted boundaries of others � Ottoman Empire now 5 mandates controlled by Britain and France � Germany could not have an army and had to pay reparations (war damages) �$33 billion to the Allies �War-Guilt Clause � Peace built upon quicksand

� d. Describe passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the Nineteenth Amendment, establishing woman suffrage.

18 th Amendment � Social changes seen during the war led to two constitutional amendments � Americans’ anti-German feelings led to a campaign to outlaw beer and other alcoholic beverages �This campaign well suited the Progressive Era’s opposition to saloons � Congress passed the 18 th Amendment �Prohibited “the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors”

18 th Amendment Opposition � Speakeasies �Hidden saloons and nightclubs �Sacramental wine sales skyrocketed � Bootleggers �Smugglers brought in alcohol from Canada, Cuba, and the West Indies �Al Capone in Chicago

19 th Amendment � The 19 th Amendment, gave women the right to vote �Helped by the country’s gratitude for women’s economic contributions during the war �The women had filled jobs in factories that the war created after men volunteered and were drafted into military service � 72 years after the Seneca Falls Convention