The Stone Ages Paleolithic Old Stone Age 2

The Stone Ages • Paleolithic - Old Stone Age: 2, 500, 000 B. C. to 8, 000 B. C. • Neolithic – New Stone Age: 8, 000 to 4, 000 B. C.

Time Periods • Prehistory - before writing • B. C. & A. D. – developed by a monk around A. D. 532 • B. C. – “Before Christ” • A. D. – “Anno Domini”

1. 4, 000 BC – 1, 000 BC Paleolithic Age: 2. 1, 500, 000 BC -- 250, 000 BC 2, 500, 000 BC to 8, 000 BC 3. 250, 000 BC – 30, 000 BC ( Old Stone Age ) 4. 30, 000 BC -- 8, 000 BC

Paleolithic Age • The Ice Ages – 100, 000 to 8, 000 B. C. • Humans were able to adapt environment through use of fire • Land bridges made possible the spread of humans o Japan & Korea o Great Britain & Europe o Malay Peninsula to Australia o Bering Strait

Beringia

Paleolithic Age • Made tools • Used lava rocks to cut meat & crack bones • Used spears to hunt & fish with • Hunting men and gathering women • NOMADIC – moving from place to place

Are we all Africans “under the skin”? ?

Paleolithic Age • Humans found shelter in caves • Cave paintings left behind

Human Migration

Neolithic Age • The Neolithic Revolution – dawn of systematic agriculture • Neolithic – New Stone Age • Domesticated Animals – dogs, goats, oxen, cattle, pigs, chickens • Crops – grains, bananas, yams, rice, wheat, barley • Rise of villages – Jericho & Catal Huyuk (8, 000 B. C. )

Neolithic Age • Technological advances o. Agricultural – sickle, pottery, plow, fertilizer o. Loom – for weaving flax & cotton o. Artisans made jewelry & weapons

The Agricultural Revolution • Farming developed independently in different parts of the world • Most likely due to climate changes • Slash & Burn – cut trees and burn to clear a field Middle East 8, 000 BC India 7, 000 BC Central America 6, 500 BC China 6, 000 BC Southeast Asia 5, 000 BC

4, 000 BC – 1, 000 BC § Hominids : Australopithecines àany member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. à Southern & Eastern Africa à 1974: Lucy found in Ethiopia – oldest hominid found to date à Known as Hominids: first to walk upright (more mobility)

§ HOMO HABILIS (“Man of Skills”) 2. 5 million to 1. 5 million B. C. found in East Africa – Olduvai Gorge created stone tools.

Homo Habilis

1, 600, 000 BC – 30, 000 BC § HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to leave Africa for Asia. First migrate and Europe and to use fire ( 500, 000 BC )

200, 000 BC – 8, 000 BC HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200, 000 BCE – 30, 000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40, 000 BCE – 10, 000 BCE )

Homo Sapiens

NEANDERTHALS: § Neander Valley, Germany (1856) § Europe & SWest Asia § 200, 000 -30, 000 B. C. § First humans to bury their dead (Religion) § Made clothes from animal skins. § Lived in caves and tents.

NEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

CRO-MAGNONs: 40, 000 to 8, 000 B. C. § Homo sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” ) § Found in Europe § By 30, 000 B. C. they replaced Neanderthals.

Cro-Magnons àidentical to modern humans àSpoken language àPlanned their hunts: studies animal habits & stalked prey Populations grew faster than Neanderthals Created Art

Cro-Magnon

Video: The Neolithic Ice Man Section 1 -2: Humans try to Control Nature

§ Africa: The Nile River Valley wheat, barley China : Huang He (Yellow River) Valley grain (millet), and rice § § Mexico & Central America corn , beans , squash § Peru tomatoes, sweet potatoes, white potatoes

§ 8, 000 B. C. Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey ) 6, 000 inhabitants 12 cultivated crops Division of labor Engaged in trade Organized religion Small military An obsidian dagger

Çatal Hüyük

Advanced Cities Technology Specialized Record- Workers Keeping Complex Institutions

Civilizations 1. ADVANCED CITIES CENTER OF TRADE – VARIETY OF GOODS 2. SPECIALIZED WORKERS SKILLS IN A SPECIFIC KIND OF WORK 3. COMPLEX INSTITUIONS GOVERNMENT, RELIGION, ECONOMY 4. RECORD KEEPING TAX, LAWS, STORAGE OF GRAIN, CALENDAR OF RITUALS 5. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PLOWS, IRRIGATION, BRONZE AGE FOR WEAPONS

§ Banks of the Euphrates River (Sumer) § Population 30, 000 § 3000 B. C. § Well defined social classes § Barter system § Ziggurat (Temple) is center of city life

Ziggurat at Ur § Temple § “Mountain of the Gods”

The Course of Empire: The Savage State

The Course of Empire: Pastoral State

The Course of Empire: The Consummation

The Course of Empire: Destruction

The Course of Empire: Desolation

Resources • Susan Pojer: Horace Greely HS – NY • Pat Helm: Hickory Ridge HS – NC • Darrell Wells: Hickory Ridge HS - NC