The Steroids Era The use of anabolic steroids

The Steroids Era “The use of anabolic steroids to enhance athletic performance has become a major health concern in professional baseball”

�Major info League Baseball ◦ $7 Billion dollar industry ◦ Multimillion dollar player contracts ◦ 1991 - Steroids banned ◦ 2003 - League wide PED testing started Key Terms: AAS or AS: Androgenic Anabolic Steroids PEDs: Performance Enhancing Drugs MLB: Major League Baseball

�Social History PEDs in Sport Ancient times roots and herbs were used 1849 - Berthold experimented on cockerels 1896 - 1 st death, Welsh cyclist died after consuming “trimethyl” 1929 -39 extract was created from bulls testicles, following a synthesized compound created by Ruzicka 1958 Ziegler ASmethandrostenolone“Dianabol

�About Steroids Types Steroids are components of cell membranes Aide in digestions, and act as hormones to control a wide range of physiological responses Produced in gonads testosterone is the primary androgen hormone Any of a subset of biological molecules known as lipids. Different types of steroids have different chemical modifications. Occurs in development of male characteristics and promotes protein synthesis

The Process Steroids enter androgen receptors located in various cells and a messenger RNA is created This creates the ultimate message to the DNA to create certain proteins Proteins sent out are responsible for anabolic/ growth responses Anabolic refers to the way cells convert into more complex compounds, androgenic produces masculine characteristics.

�Fred Hartgens report “The Effects of Androgenic Anobolic Steroids in Athletes” ◦ Few meet scientific quality standards ◦ Difficult to follow real life abusers The adverse, research, and effects

�Risk factors associated with use… ◦ Cardiovascular system ◦ Metabolic function ◦ Heart structure ◦ Liver function ◦ Psyche and behavior ◦ Reproduction ◦ Acquired diseases “Adverse effects of anabolic steroids: ” Reproductive Male Decreased reproductive hormones Testicular atrophy Oligospermia/azoospermia Impotence Prostatic hypertrophy Prostatic carcinoma Gynecomastia Priapism Female Menstrual irregularities Clitoral hypertrophy Uterine atrophy Breast atrophy Teratogenicity Liver Hepatocellular damage Cholestasis Peliosis hepatis Hepatoadenoma Hepatocarcinoma Cardiovascular and hematologic effects Increased cholesterol Decreased HDL cholesterol Hypertension Thrombosis Musculoskeletal Early epiphyseal closure in children Increased rate of muscle strains/ruptures Increased risk of musckulotendinous Endocrine (other than reproductive) Decreased glucose tolerance Larynx Deepening of the voice Integument Acne Alopecia Hirsutism Male pattern baldness Edema Urinary Elevated BUN, creatinine Wilm’s tumor Immunologic and Infectious effects Decreased Ig. A levels Hepatitis B or C; HIV infection Psychologic Mood swings Aggressive behavior Depression Psychosis Addiction Withdrawal and Dependency Disorders (Maravelias, C. 2005)

�Sport Perspective ◦ Stacking ◦ Testing ◦ Injury Player Profile The story of “John Albertson”, the psuedo name provided by Carroll in “The Juice” order to protect the players identity, illustrates a story similar to many ball players working their way through the minor league system trying to attain MLB glory. http: //faculty. haas. berkeley. edu/rjmorgan/mba 211/steroids%20 and%20 major%20 league%20 baseball. pdf

Doping: Prohibited substances: � the � Stimulants illegal use of steroids, and other performance enhancing drugs � ONDCP, U. S Olympic Committee, WADA, NCAA, NIDA � Controlled substances Act (CSA) in 1991 � Narcotics � Anabolic agents � Diuretics � Peptide hormones Laws, limitations and MLB policy

�MLB Joint Drug Prevention and Treatment Program ◦ Drugs of Abuse ◦ Steroids ◦ Stimulants ◦ WADA certified laboratory Laboratoire de Controle du Dopage (IRNS- Institut Armand. Frappier) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada Testing Policy In-season testing -5 days after reporting to ST - 1 unannounced test on a randomly selected date Disciple for testing positive - 1 st offense 50, game suspension - 2 nd offense, 100 game suspension - 3 rd offense permanent suspension from the league

�Advocates use for steroid ◦ Norman Fost, Professor of Pediatrics and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin ◦ http: //www. youtube. c om/watch? v=t 8_7 C 9 G A-2 w 6 Claims - Unfair advantage - Exaggerated side effects - Sports are more dangerous - - Undermine fan interest Undermine integrity of records Bad role models

Monitoring the future… - At the HS and college level 12 -15% of athletes were found to have used substances -. 05% 8 th graders, 1. 0% 10 th graders, 1. 5% 12 th graders use AS one a year Future of steroids: Urinalysis Abandonment of AAS HGH (human growth hormone) EPO (Erythropoietin) Current: http: //espn. go. com/mlb/topics/_/page/thesteroids-era

References Association Against Steroid Abuse: How anabolic steroids work. http: //www. steroidabuse. com/how-anabolic-steroidswork. html Carroll, W. (2005). The juice the real story of baseball's drug problem. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. Hartgens, F. , "Androgenic-anabolic steroids and athletes, " in Access. Science, ©Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, 2009, http: //www. accessscience. com Hartgens, F. , & Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes Katz, J. Should we accept steroid use in sports? Retrieved from http: //www. npr. org/templates/story. php? story. Id=18299098

Lenehan, P. (2003). Anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs. London: Taylor & Francis. M. Todd Washington, "Steroid, " in Access. Science, ©Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, 2008, http: //www. accessscience. com Major league baseball's joint drug prevention and treatment program. http: //mlbplayers. mlb. com/pa/pdf/jda. pdf Maravelias, C. , Dona, A. , Stefanidou, M. , & Spiliopoulou, C. (2005). Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: A constant threat. Toxicology Letters, 158(3), 167175. Office of national drug control policy- steroids. (2011). Retrieved 2/7, 2011, from http: //www. whitehousedrugpolicy. gov/drugfact/steroids/index. html Smith, A. M. , Stuart, M. J. , Sorenson, M. C. , & Griesemer, B. A. (2008). Drug use in sports and exercise. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83(2), 251 -252. Steroids (anabolic) drugs of abuse and related topics. (2011). Retrieved 2/7, 2011, from http: //www. drugabuse. gov/Drug. Pages/Steroids. html The steroids era- MLB topics- ESPN. (2010). Retrieved 2/7 http: //espn. go. com/mlb/topics/_/page/the-steroids-era