The Stem Develops from plumule SHOOT portion bearing

The Stem Develops from plumule SHOOT: portion bearing leaves Node, Internode, bud, flowers Types( on the length of life) 1. Annuals 2. Biennials For one Season Wheat, Rice 2 seasons Radish, Turnip Istudy. pk 3. Perennials Many years woody plants

Stem: types On the basis of size, habit, soft and woody Trees Herbs Shrubs Colummar Unbranched, Crown of leaves At top. Palm Excurrent Branched, max girdth Tapering towards apex Polyalthia Deliquescent Divide and Redivide Mango

Stem: types Colummar Unbranched, Crown of leaves At top. Palm Excurrent Branched, max girdth Tapering towards apex Polyalthia Deliquescent Divide and Redivide Mango

Stem: types On the basis of size, habit, soft and woody Trees Tall, woody, perennials. Mango, Peepal Herbs Soft stem, small in size Radish, Mint, Mustard Shrubs Woody, bushy in nature, stem branched near ground Rose, Jasmine Colummar Unbranched, Crown of leaves At top. Palm Excurrent Branched, max girdth Tapering towards apex Polyalthia Deliquescent Divide and Redivide Mango

Stem: types On the basis of form and nature Herbacous Soft stem, small in size Radish, Mint, Mustard Woody hard Fistular Internode hollow Bamboo Jionted Swollen at internodes Grasses Succulent Thick and fleshy Opuntia Spiny Acacia Buds Young shoots, short internodes, small leaves Lateral Sides Terminal At the apex x e d x x p e a e e k l p p f a ra e a Na the a o e l e F th L th At t t Axillary Axil of a leaf Accessory More than one in axil central one is

Reduced Small green Radish 1. Climbers Climbing upsupport Erect Forms Strong Weak Unable to erect 2. Trailers Horizontal no daughter plants 3. Creepers Horizontal, aerial shoots Grass

1. Climbers Climbing upsupport 1. Twiners Climbing upsupport Cuscuta 2. Tendril twins around Cucurbeta 3. Root Clim Small adventitious roots Ivy 4. Hook Curved kooks Bougainvillia

Modifications Sub-aerial Runner Prostrate, long internodes, nodes scale leaves. Bud develop into erect leafy shoots Underground Stolon Horizontal arise from lower node, parallel to soil 3. Offset Shorter, prostrate, from axillary bud, terminal new plant Aerial 4. Sucker Underground erect Mint

Modifications Sub-aerial 1. Rhizome Elongated, distinct node and internode. Each node small bud Aerial Underground 2. Corm Thick solid, round, few internodes. Many scale leaves 3. Bulb Reduced, conical disc, upperside large fleshy leaves Tunicated Bases of foliage leaves store Thick, fleshy outer thin TUNIC Onoin 4. Tuber Swollen, many internodes, eyes Imbricate Foliage (die away) and scale(food store) overlap margins Garlic

Modifications Sub-aerial Underground Aerial

Modifications Sub-aerial Tendrils Thread like, Cucumber Spine Axillary branches hard and pointed. Orange Aerial Underground Torus /Thalamus Flowers Bulbils Axillary buds into swollen Lilium Phyloclade and Cladodes Stem leaflike many nodes Single node cladodes (Asparagus)