The State Plane Coordinate System December 8 2010

The State Plane Coordinate System December 8, 2010 David Doyle Chief Geodetic Surveyor National Geodetic Survey dave. doyle@noaa. gov, (301) 713 -3178

So What Is A Projection NORTHING EASTING

MAP PROJECTIONS Lambert Conformal Conic Transverse Mercator

STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM NAD 27 Developed from a request in 1933 from the North Carolina Department of Transportation Zones designed by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (Oscar Adams and Charles Claire) Two basic map projections used: Lambert Conformal Conic – States or parts of states that have a more East-West orientation Transverse Mercator – States or parts of states that have a more North-South orientation Zone boundaries along International, State and county boundaries Zones typically 154 miles wide – this limits the maximum geodetic to grid distance distortion to 1: 10, 000 All coordinate values in U. S. Survey Feet Conversions to/from latitude & longitude originally calculated using tables (S. P. 267 Plane Coordinate Projections Tables – Pennsylvania) 1968 - State Plane Coordinates by Automatic Data Processing (USC&GS 62 -4)

STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM NAD 83 (SPCs are NOT defined relative to WGS 84/ITRF) Geometric parameters of original SPC zones left unchanged unless requested by “the State” All states get new false northing and false easting defined in meters. All values in meters – conversions to feet defined by individual state legislation or Federal Register Notice: 1 m = 3. 2808333333 1 m = 3. 2808398950 U. S. Survey Feet International Feet

NAD 83 STATE PLANE ZONES

SPCS PUBLICATIONS http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/PUBS_LIB/publication 235. pdf http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/PUBS_LIB/Fund. SPCSys. pdf http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/PUBS_LIB/Understanding. SPC. pdf

SPCS PUBLICATIONS http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/PUBS_LIB/publication 62 -4. pdf http: //pubs. er. usgs. gov/djvu/PP/PP_1395. pdf http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/PUBS_LIB/Manual. NOSNGS 5. pdf

FEDERAL CONVERSION UTILITIES GPPCGP and SPCS 83 National Geodetic Survey No Datum Transformation (e. g. NAD 27 – NAD 83) Values in meters only for NAD 83 http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/TOOLS/program_descriptions. html#SPCZ CORPSCON U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Both horizontal and vertical datum transformations Values in meters, U. S. Survey Foot or International Foot http: //crunch. tec. army. mil/software/corpscon. html

NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM(NSRS) Consistent National Coordinate System • Latitude • Longitude • Height • Scale • Gravity • Orientation and how these values change with time

NSRS COMPONENTS • National Shoreline - Consistent, accurate, and up-to-date • Networks of geodetic control points - Permanently marked passive survey monuments • National and Cooperative CORS - A network of GPS Continuously Operating Reference Stations • Tools -Models of geophysical effects on spatial measurements -e. g. , NADCON, INVERSE, SPCS 83, UTMS, FORWARD

METADATA? ? Horizontal Datum? ? Plane Coordinate Zone ? ? Units of Measure ? ? How Accurate ? ?

HORIZONTALGEODETIC DATUMS HORIZONTAL 2 D (Latitude and Longitude) (e. g. NAD 27, NAD 83 (1986)) GEOMETRIC 3 D (Latitude, Longitude and Ellipsoid Height) Fixed and Stable - Coordinates seldom change (e. g. NAD 83 (1996), NAD 83 (2007), NAD 83 (CORS 96)) also 4 D (Latitude, Longitude, Ellipsoid Height, Velocities) Coordinates change with time (e. g. ITRF 00, ITRF 08)

HORIZONTAL DATUMS 8 Constants 3 – specify the location of the origin of the coordinate system. 3– specify the orientation of the coordinate system. 2 – specify the dimensions of the reference ellipsoid

THE ELLIPSOID A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE EARTH N b a S a = Semi major axis b = Semi minor axis f = a-b = Flattening a

UNITED STATES ELLIPSOID DEFINITIONS BESSEL 1841 a = 6, 377, 397. 155 m 1/f = 299. 1528128 1848 - 1879 CLARKE 1866 a = 6, 378, 206. 4 m 1/f = 294. 97869821 1879 - 1986 GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980 - (GRS 80) a = 6, 378, 137 m 1/f = 298. 257222101 1986 - Present WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 - (WGS 84) a = 6, 378, 137 m 1/f = 298. 257223563 1987 - Present

ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP H = Orthometric Height (NAVD 88) h = Ellipsoidal Height [NAD 83 (1996) or NAD 83(2007)/NAD 83 (CORS 96)] N = Geoid Height (GEOID 09) H = h – (N) H h N Geoid GEOID 09 Ellipsoid GRS 80

National Geodetic Survey, Retrieval Date = NOVEMBER 5, 2010 KW 0527 ************************************ KW 0527 CBN - This is a Cooperative Base Network Control Station. KW 0527 DESIGNATION - STRAUSS KW 0527 PID - KW 0527 STATE/COUNTY- PA/BERKS KW 0527 USGS QUAD - STRAUSSTOWN (1974) KW 0527 *CURRENT SURVEY CONTROL KW 0527 __________________________________ KW 0527* NAD 83(2007)- 40 29 55. 74517(N) 076 11 29. 92386(W) ADJUSTED KW 0527* NAVD 88 195. 756 (meters) 642. 24 (feet) ADJUSTED KW 0527 __________________________________ KW 0527 EPOCH DATE 2002. 00 KW 0527 X 1, 159, 255. 008 (meters) COMP KW 0527 Y - -4, 716, 671. 900 (meters) COMP KW 0527 Z 4, 120, 364. 800 (meters) COMP KW 0527 LAPLACE CORR-2. 65 (seconds) DEFLEC 09 KW 0527 ELLIP HEIGHT 161. 232 (meters) (02/10/07) ADJUSTED KW 0527 GEOID HEIGHT-34. 54 (meters) GEOID 09 KW 0527 DYNAMIC HT 195. 655 (meters) 641. 91 (feet) COMP KW 0527 ------- Accuracy Estimates (at 95% Confidence Level in cm) -------KW 0527 Type PID Designation North East Ellip KW 0527 ---------------------------------KW 0527 NETWORK KW 0527 STRAUSS 0. 51 0. 39 1. 25 KW 0527 ---------------------------------KW 0527 MODELED GRAV 980, 104. 4 (mgal) NAVD 88 KW 0527 VERT ORDER - SECOND CLASS 0 KW 0527. The horizontal coordinates were established by GPS observations KW 0527. and adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in February 2007. KW 0527. The datum tag of NAD 83(2007) is equivalent to NAD 83(NSRS 2007). KW 0527. See National Readjustment for more information. KW 0527. The horizontal coordinates are valid at the epoch date displayed above. KW 0527. The epoch date for horizontal control is a decimal equivalence KW 0527. of Year/Month/Day.

KW 0527. The orthometric height was determined by differential leveling and KW 0527. adjusted in June 1991. KW 0527. The X, Y, and Z were computed from the position and the ellipsoidal ht. KW 0527. The Laplace correction was computed from DEFLEC 09 derived deflections. KW 0527. The ellipsoidal height was determined by GPS observations KW 0527. and is referenced to NAD 83. KW 0527. The geoid height was determined by GEOID 09. KW 0527; North East Units Scale Factor Converg. KW 0527; SPC PA S 130, 575. 318 732, 088. 384 MT 0. 99995985 +1 00 39. 8 KW 0527; SPC PA S 428, 395. 86 2, 401, 859. 97 s. FT 0. 99995985 +1 00 39. 8 KW 0527; UTM 18 - 4, 483, 805. 533 399, 024. 353 MT 0. 99972550 -0 46 26. 3 KW 0527! - Elev Factor x Scale Factor = Combined Factor KW 0527!SPC PA S 0. 99997471 x 0. 99995985 = 0. 99993456 KW 0527!UTM 18 0. 99997471 x 0. 99972550 = 0. 99970022 KW 0527: Primary Azimuth Mark Grid Az KW 0527: SPC PA S - STRAUSS AZ MK 075 40 15. 0 KW 0527: UTM 18 - STRAUSS AZ MK 077 27 21. 1 KW 0527|-----------------------------------| KW 0527| PID Reference Object Distance Geod. Az | KW 0527| dddmmss. s | KW 0527| KW 0529 STRAUSS AZ MK 0764054. 8 | KW 0527| KW 0528 STRAUSS RM 1 21. 824 METERS 08830 | KW 0527| KW 3019 STRAUSSTOWN MUNICIPAL TANK APPROX. 1. 2 KM 1393323. 8 | KW 0527| KW 0526 STRAUSS RM 2 21. 520 METERS 23922 | KW 0527|-----------------------------------|

CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATIONS (CORS) 1500+ Installed and operated by more than 200 Federal-State-Local gov and private partners NOAA/National Geodetic Survey NOAA/OAR Global Systems Division U. S. Coast Guard - DGPS/NDGPS Corps of Engineers - DGPS FAA - WAAS/LAAS State DOTs County and City Academia Private Companies

CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATIONS (CORS) NGS PROVIDES Horizontal and Vertical NSRS Connections NAD 83 and ITRF 00 Coordinates Network Data Collection - Hourly & Daily 3 D Network Integrity Adjustment Public Data Distribution - Internet 16 Year On-Line Data Holding

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)

HARRISBURG (GTS 1), PENNSYLVANIA ______________________________________ | | | Antenna Reference Point(ARP): HARRISBURG CORS ARP | | ------------------------| | PID = DF 5874 | | | ITRF 00 POSITION (EPOCH 1997. 0) | | Computed in Jun. , 2003 using 14 days of data. | | X = 1110966. 251 m latitude = 40 15 07. 81645 N | | Y = -4746445. 044 m longitude = 076 49 34. 84696 W | | Z = 4099452. 309 m ellipsoid height = 88. 059 m | | ITRF 00 VELOCITY | | Predicted with HTDP_2. 7 May 2003. | ITRF 00 – |NAD | VX = -0. 0167 m/yr northward = 0. 0035 m/yr 83(CORS 96) | VY = -0. 0018 m/yr eastward = -0. 0167 m/yr | DHoriz = 0. 917 m | VZ = 0. 0028 m/yr upward = 0. 0002 m/yr | | | DEHt = 1. 256 m | | | NAD_83 POSITION (EPOCH 2002. 0) | | Transformed from ITRF 00 (epoch 1997. 0) position in Jun. , 2003. | = NAD 83(NSRS 2007) | X = 1110966. 793 m latitude = 40 15 07. 78742 N | | Y = -4746446. 496 m longitude = 076 49 34. 83862 W | | Z = 4099452. 437 m ellipsoid height = 89. 315 m | | NAD_83 VELOCITY | | Transformed from ITRF 00 velocity in Jun. , 2003. | | VX = 0. 0000 m/yr northward = 0. 0000 m/yr | | VY = 0. 0000 m/yr eastward = 0. 0000 m/yr | | VZ = 0. 0000 m/yr upward = 0. 0000 m/yr | |______________________________________|

What is OPUS? • On-Line Positioning User Service • Processes GPS data • Global availability (masked) • 3 goals: – Simplicity – Consistency – Reliability

You’ve got mail! OPUS solution

OPUS – DB Simple Shared Data NGS Archived

FLAVORS OF OPUS-Projects OPUS-S $$ Receivers 2 -4 Hours of data Multiple Receivers Network Solution Results shared or not $$ Receivers 2 Hours of data Results not shared OPUS-RS $$ Receivers 15 Minutes of data Results not shared OPUS-DB $$ Receivers 4 Hours of data Results shared OPUS LOCUS (Leveling Online Computing User Service) Digital Bar-Code Leveling Integration with OPUS? Results shared or not?

WHAT YOU NEED TO USE THE STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS N & E State Plane Coordinates for Control Points AZIMUTHS - True, Geodetic, or Grid - Conversion from Astronomic to Geodetic (La. Place Correction) - Conversion from Geodetic to Grid (Mapping Angle) DISTANCES - Reduction from Horizontal to Ellipsoid “Sea-Level Reduction Factor” - Correction for Grid Scale Factor - Combined Factor

THREE DISTANCES: • “GROUND” DISTANCE = NORMAL TO GRAVITY BETWEEN TWO POINTS • “GEODETIC” DISTANCE = ALONG THE ELLIPSOID • “GRID” DISTANCE = ALONG THE MAP PROJECTION SURFACE --------------------------------- • PROJECTED COORDINATES ARE ALWAYS DISTORTED

DEFINITIONS • GRID SCALE Factor – Multiplier to change geodetic distances based on the Earth model (ellipsoid) to the grid plane. • ELEVATION Factor (a. k. a. Sea Level Reduction or Ellipsoid Reduction Factor) – Multiplier to change horizontal ground distances to geodetic (ellipsoid) distances • GRID-ELEVATION or COMBINED Factor – Gird Scale Factor times the Elevation Factor • This factor changes horizontal ground distances to grid distances

Normal to ellipsoid

AZIMUTH RELATIONSHIP “True” Azimuth – Derived from astronomic observations (e. g. Solar/Polaris) –this can usually be considered the same as a geodetic azimuth. Geodetic Azimuth – Derived from the inverse between two points of known latitude and longitude, or from a La. Place corrected astronomic azimuth or a grid azimuth with the mapping angle ( ) applied Grid Azimuth – Derived from the inverse between two points defined in northing & easting, or from a geodetic azimuth - the mapping angle ( ) (e. g. State Plane, UTM, local grid coordinates)

ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP La. Place Correction +/- 0 ~ 25” Lower 48 states NGS Tool – DEFLEC 09 Geoid Ellipsoid GRS 80

LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC WITH 2 STANDARD PARALLELS N Approximately 154 miles S λO CENTRAL MERIDIAN

CONVERGENCE ANGLE (Mapping Angle) The Convention of the Sign of the Convergence Angle is Always From Grid To Geodetic Convergence angles ( ) always positive (+) East Convergence angles ( ) always negative (-) West λO CENTRAL MERIDIAN

SCALE < 1 SCALE EXACT SCALE > 1 SCALE EXACT TRANSVERSE MERCATOR λO CENTRAL MERIDIAN SCALE > 1

Pennsylvania State Plane Coordinate System – NAD 83 Geometric Parameters remain the same As NAD 27 Zone Boundaries Central Meridian North/South Standard Parallels Latitude/Longitude of Origin False Northing and Easting Changed and defined in meters Conversion to Feet left up to individual states U. S. Survey or International Feet

R CENT NDAR A T S RTH NO IAN L D MERI ALLE R A P D AL Dist C I T EODE G > > 1 t s R i O D T C GRID LE FA A C S GRID GLE + N A E C N NVERGE O C D I R G ist GLE N D A E C C N I DET NVERGE O O E C G D I R G CTOR t < A s F i D E GRID SCAL 1 < EL ST SOUTH RALL A P D R ist D C I EODET > 1 G > ist TOR D C A D F I GR ALE C S D GRI ANDA N=0 m E = 600, 000 m ORIGIN 39 o 20’ 00” 77 o 45’ 00”

COORDINATE CHANGES (STATE PLANE) STATION: STRAUSS (pid KW 0527) PENNSYLVANIA SOUTH ZONE (NAD 27/NAD 83) Northing Easting 428, 352. 11 ft. 2, 433, 279. 72 ft. 130, 575. 318 m. 732, 088. 384 m. Converg Angle +1 o 00’ 39. 0” 00’ 39. 8” Scale Factor 0. 99995985 (428, 395. 86 ft)* (2, 401, 859. 97 ft)* (428, 396. 71 ft)# (2, 401, 864. 78 ft)# (0. 15) (4. 81) * Converted using U. S. Survey Foot, 1 M = 3. 2808333333 Ft. # Converted using International Foot, 1 M = 3. 2808398950 Ft.

Michigan Compiled Laws, Public Act 9 of 1964, Sections 54. 231 -. 239,

STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION STRAUSS (pid KW 0527) N= 428, 395. 86 U. S. Survey Feet E = 2, 401, 859. 97 U. S. Survey Feet Orthometric Height (H) = 642. 24 Feet Geoid Height (N) = - 113. 32 Feet Laplace Correction = - 2. 6” Grid Scale Factor (k) = 0. 99995985 Meridian Convergence ( ) = + 1 o 00’ 39. 8” Observed Astro Azimuth (a. A) = 253 o 26’ 14. 9” Horizontal Distance (D) = 3, 314. 91 Feet

STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION N 1 = N + (Sg x cos ag) E 1 = E + (Sg x sin ag) Where: N = Starting Northing Coordinate E = Starting Easting Coordinates Sg = Grid Distance ag = Grid Azimuth

REDUCTION TO THE ELLIPSOID D h H N R Earth Radius 6, 372, 200 m 20, 906, 000 ft. S S = D * ___R__ R+h Where: h = H + [N] S = D * ___R___ R + H + (N)

REDUCTION TO THE ELLIPSOID (The correct method) N R = _______ 1 – e’ 2 cos 2 f cos 2 a WHERE a N = _______ (1 – e’ 2 cos 2 f)1/2 e’ 2 = (a 2 – b 2) / b 2 N = Radius of Curvature in Azimuth a = Ellipsoid semi-major axis b = Ellipsoid semi-minor axis a= Azimuth of the line f = Latitude of the Station

REDUCTION TO ELLIPSOID Ellipsoid Ht /Orthometric Ht Sgeodetic = D x [R / (R + h)] D = 3, 314. 91 ft (Measured Horizontal Distance) R = 20, 906, 000 ft (Mean Radius of the Earth) h = H + N (H = 642 ft, N = - 113 ft) = 529 ft (Ellipsoid Height) S = 3, 314. 91 [20, 906, 000 / 20, 906, 000 + 529] S = 3, 314. 91 x 0. 99997470 S = 3, 314. 83 ft Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 91 [20, 906, 000 / 20, 906, 000 + 642] Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 91 x 0. 99996929 Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 81 ft Diff = 0. 02 ft or ~ 1: 166, 000

REDUCTION TO ELLIPSOID Mean Radius vs. Computed Earth Radius Sgeodetic = D x [R / (R + h)] D = 3, 314. 91 ft (Measured Horizontal Distance) R = 20, 906, 000 ft (Mean Radius of the Earth) R = 20, 936, 382 ft (Computed Radius of the Earth) h = 529 Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 91 [20, 906, 000 / 20, 906, 000 + 529] Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 91 x 0. 99997470 Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 83 ft Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 91 [20, 936, 382 / 20, 936, 282 + 529] Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 91 x 0. 99997473 Sgeodetic = 3, 314. 83 ft Diff = 0. 00 ft

GRID SCALE FACTOR (k) OF A POINT GRID CONVERGENCE ANGLE ( ) OF A POINT Easiest to obtain by using NGS SPCs tool kit utility or CORPSCON

GRID SCALE FACTOR (k) OF A LINE k 12 = (k 1 + 4 km + k 2) / 6 (m = mean of k 1 & k 2) Typically the Average Value Works Fine k 12 = (k 1 + k 2) / 2

REDUCTION TO GRID Sgrid = Sgeodetic * k (Grid Scale Factor) Sgrid = 3, 314. 83 x 0. 99995985 Sgrid = 3, 314. 70 meters

COMBINED FACTOR (CF) CF = Ellipsoidal Reduction x Grid Scale Factor (k) = 0. 0. 99997470 x 0. 99995985 = 0. 99993455 CF x D = Sgrid 0. 99993455 x 3, 314. 91 = 3, 314. 69 ft

GRID AZIMUTH COMPUTATION agrid = a. Astro + Laplace Correction – Convergence Angle ( ) = 253 o 26’ 14. 9” (Observed Astro Azimuth) - 2. 6” (Laplace Correction) = 253 o 26’ 12. 3” (Geodetic Azimuth) - 1 00 39. 8 (Convergence Angle) = 252 o 25’ 32. 5” (Grid Azimuth) The convention of the sign of the convergence angle is always from Grid to Geodetic

STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION N 1 = N + (Sgrid x cos agrid) E 1 = E + (Sgrid x sin agrid) N 1 = 428, 395. 86 + (3, 314. 70 x Cos 252 o 25’ 32. 5”) = 428, 395. 86 + (3, 314. 70 x -0. 301942400) = 428, 395. 86 + (-1, 000. 85) = 427, 395. 01 U. S. Survey Feet E 1 = 2, 401, 859. 97 + (3, 314. 70 x Sin 252 o 25’ 32. 5”) = 2, 401, 859. 97 + (3, 314. 70 x -0. 953326170) = 2, 401, 859. 97 + (-3, 159. 99) = 2, 398, 699. 98 U. S. Survey Feet

GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES SURFACE LEVEL COORDINATES PROJECT DATUM COORDINATES LOW DISTORTION PROJECTIONS “I WANT STATE PLANE COORDINATES RAISED TO GROUND LEVEL” GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES ARE NOT STATE PLANE COORDINATES!!!!!

GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES PROBLEMS RAPID DISTORTIONS* PROJECTS DIFFICULT TO TIE TOGETHER* CONFUSION OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS LACK OF DOCUMENTATION * Can be minimized with LDP

GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES “IF YOU DO” TRUNCATE COORDINATE VALUES SUCH AS: N= 404, 648. 89 ft becomes 4, 648. 89 E = 26, 341, 246. 75 ft becomes 1, 246. 75 AND

The NSRS has evolved 1 Million 70, 000 Monuments Passive Marks (Separate (3 -Dimensional) Horizontal and Vertical Systems) Passive Marks (Limited Knowledge of Stability) 1, 500+ GPS CORS (Time Dependent System Possible; 4 -Dimensional) GPS CORS GNSS CORS

Problems with NAD 83 and NAVD 88 NAD 83 is not as geocentric as it could be (approx 1 -2 m). Data users don’t see this – Yet NAD 83 is not well defined with positional velocities. Most users still think of NAD 83 as 2 -dimensional (lat/long, N/E) NAVD 88 is realized by passive control (bench marks) most of which have not been releveled in 40 years. NAVD 88 does not account for local vertical velocities (subsidence and uplift) Post glacial isostatic readjustment Subsurface fluid withdrawal Sediment loading Sea level rise.

The National Geodetic Survey 10 year plan Mission, Vision and Strategy 2008 – 2018 http: //www. ngs. noaa. gov/INFO/NGS 10 yearplan. pdf Official NGS policy as of Jan 9, 2008 Modernized agency Attention to accuracy Attention to time-changes Improved products and services Integration with other fed missions 2018 Targets: NAD 83 and NAVD 88 re-defined Cm-accuracy access to all coordinates Customer-focused agency Global scientific leadership

Simplified Concept of NAD 83 vs. ITRF 00 h 83 eters 2. 2 m NAD 83 Origin h 00 Earth’s Surface ITRF 00 Origin Identically shaped ellipsoids (GRS-80) a = 6, 378, 137. 000 meters (semi-major axis) 1/f = 298. 25722210088 (flattening)

Predicted Positional Changes in 2018 Vicinity of Silver Spring, MD. (Computed for HASSLER pid HV 9698) HORIZONTAL = 1. 31 m (4. 3 ft) ELLIPSOID HEIGHT = - 1. 25 m (- 4. 1 ft) Predicted with HTDP ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT = - 0. 47 m (- 1. 5 ft) Predicted with HTDP and USGG 2009

2020 GEOMETRIC DATUM OPTIONS Option 1: Adopt ITRF 20 xx and compute new coordinates based on the best available Velocity model (Coordinates du Jour) Option 2: Adopt a reference frame that agrees with ITRF 20 xx at some instant of time, (e. g. Epoch 2020. 00) but does not move relative to “stable” North American tectonic plate similar to NAD 83

GOOD COORDINATION BEGINS WITH GOOD COORDINATES GEOGRAPHY WITHOUT GEODESY IS A FELONY