THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INTRO TO SKELETAL SYSTEM 5

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INTRO TO SKELETAL SYSTEM (5: 08)

Functions of Skeleton � _____ � Hematopoiesis � Stores mineral _____ (____ & ____) � Provides sites for _____ attachment

Two Major Divisions � Axial – _____, hyoid, _____ cage � Appendicular – _____, pelvic/pectoral girdles

Bone Anatomy Periosteum – tough outer covering; _____ connective; contains _____ that enter and service bone cells � Medullary cavity – inner cavity of diaphysis; houses _____ marrow (_____ cells) � Epiphysis – end of long bone; contains epiphyseal disk (region of _____); _____ bone; covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage; _____ marrow (hematopoiesis) � Diaphysis – middle shaft of bone; mostly _____ bone �

Bone Marrow Cross section of femoral head

Bone Anatomy � Endosteum – inner lining of _____ cavity; connective tissue covered with simple squamous; highly vascular (full of _____) � Canaliculi – microscopic canals within bone tissue through which bone cells _____ with each other and to the _____ supply � Lacunae – microscopic chambers that house osteocytes (mature _____)

Bone Anatomy

Two Types of Bone � Spongy – many _____ (lowers _____); spaces filled with _____ marrow; trabeculae (give _____) � Compact – dense; lacks _____; central canal (houses blood vessels and nerves); lamellae (concentric layers) around _____ canal (Haversian system); Haversian systems are closely packed, hence _____ bone

Two Types of Bone Central canal Haversian System (or osteon)

Internal Bone Anatomy

Bone Growth Osteo. Blasts – cells that B_____ up bone; make new matrix then mineralize it via e_____ � Osteo. Clasts – cells that C_____ bone; dissolve the mineralized matrix of bone by releasing H+ ions (acidic) then digest it with_____; dissolved minerals put into blood stream when needed; contain many vesicles – Why? ? �Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to maintain bone structure _____. �Explain braces on teeth � Epiphyseal disk – “_____”; cartilaginous tissue (hyaline) where _____ occurs; ossification begins around 17, ends around 25; process regulated by _____ �

Bone Growth Adult Hand of a 3 -year Old (lots of cartilage) (White = dense; Gray/Black = less dense)

Bone Repair Hematoma – _____ clot, inflammation, pain Fibrocartilage callus – mass of collagenous fibers and fibrocartilage fills in space of breakage; _____ cells move in and clean up; reconstruction begins � Bony callus – o_____ move in and ossify fibrocartilage callus into spongy bone � Remodeling – _____ build up compact bone and _____ break down the spongy bone and build new medullary cavity. In general, � � � a. _____ break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit ______ in the blood. � b. After about 3 weeks, the osteoclasts disappear. � c. Then, _____ reverse work done by osteoclasts, taking Ca from the blood and depositing it in _____. � � Skeletal System Overview (3: 45) Remolding Animation (2: 44)

Fractures � Two main types: �Simple – bone is broken, but _____ is not lacerated ○ Transverse – fracture occurs at right angle of bone ○ Greenstick – fracture on one side of the bone ○ Comminuted – fracture that results in three or more bone _____ �Open/Compound – bone breaks and lacerates the _____; risk of _____

Fractures Greenstick Transverse Types of Fractures (2: 07) Compound Comminuted

Treatments for Broken Bones � Four Treatments: �C_____ �S_____ (in which screws and/or rods can be used) �Electrical stimulation (speeds up _____, suppresses osteo_____ function) �Ultrasound (speeds up _____, stimulates chondrocytes to make callus)

The Skull � Sinuses – _____ skull; voice resonance; _____ buffer; air humidifier; lots of mucous membranes; sinusitis (_____ cannot drain properly due to _____)

The Skull � Fontanels – “_____”; occur because of the protein noggin (delays _____ of cranial bones) � Sutures – held together by _____ connective tissue

The Spine � Abnormal curvatures: � _____ (pregnancy, big gut) � _____ (hunchback) � _____ (lateral curvature) � Possess many processes for _____ attachment (transverse and spinous) � Intervertebral disks (can _____ under stress) � Name of C 1 and C 2? (______ & ______)

Spine Anatomy

The Spine (abnormal curvatures) Kyphosis Scoliosis

The Spine (herniated disk) Herniated disk treatments (3: 11)

Joints (Don’t be “SAD”!) � Three basic types of joints: �_____ (immovable; sutures) �_____ (slightly movable; vertebral joints) �_____ (freely movable; synovial; elbow, shoulder, etc. )

Disorders � Sprains �overstretching of a _____ or _____ � Rheumatoid arthritis �chronic _____ inflammatory disorder that typically affects joints in your hands and feet � Osteoarthritis �the most common form of arthritis; occurs when _____ in joints wears down over time � Gout �occurs when sharp, needle-like uric acid crystals accumulate around joint, causing _____ and intense _____

Disorders

Effects of Aging Cartilage calcifies � Osteoporosis � Slower, less effective healing – Why? � Marrow transformation as we age: � � Infants – almost entirely red � Middle age – 50: 50 red to yellow � Elderly – almost entirely yellow � Osteoporosis (5: 05)

Bone Art by Marian Caparu