The Skeletal System Chapter 15 Section 2 Skeletal

The Skeletal System Chapter 15: Section 2, Skeletal System Audience: 6 th grade (11 -12 yr olds) Allison Carter, Bartley Collerd, Kara Hollins, Liz Long

Skeletal System n Part 1: What is the skeletal system? n Part 2: Proper bone care and fractures.

Part 1: What is the skeletal system?

Skeletal System n n Functions Structure - 2 main parts: n n Axial & Appendicular Basic Types - 4 kinds Cartilage Joints n Ligaments & Tendons

Functions of the Skeletal System n n Provides a strong, steady frame for the body’s muscle to move. Supports and protects internal organs.

Structure of the Skeletal System n Axial Skeleton- the 80 bones that make up the skull, spine, ribs, or sternum (breastbone). n Functions include the vertebrae which protect the spinal cord. Also, the ribs which connect around to attach to the sternum and protects the heart and lungs.

Examples of Axial Bones n Pictures of ribs and sternum

Structure of the Skeletal System n Appendicular skeleton- the 126 bones of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. n Function allowing the body to perform a wide range of motions.

Examples of Appendicular Bones n X-Ray Pictures of the hip and hands bones Pelvis (hip) Carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand), phalanges (fingers)

Basic Types of Bones n n Long- found in the arms and legs. These bones are very strong. For example, the femur bone in the leg. Short- Short bones are as broad as they are long. For example, carpal bones in the wrist.

Basic Types of Bones n n Flat- have a thin, flat shape. Flat bones are generally used to protect the body’s vital organs. For example, the ribs and skull. Irregular- any bone shape that does not fall into the previous 3 categories. For example, the vertebrae is a irregular bone.

Cartilage n Cartilage- A strong, flexible connective tissue. Different types of cartilage line the surface of bones at joints allowing smooth movement. n Other functions include cushioning the vertebrae and supporting the ear and nose. n

Fat into Cartilage? n Podcast: A Duke University Study n n Might be possible to turn fat to cartilage Very beneficial, as cartilage can’t repair itself

Cartilage n n A baby’s skeletal system is mostly made up of cartilage. As the baby grows, the cartilage is replaced with bone minerals and cells through ossification. n Ossification- the process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired.

Joints n Joint- the point at while 2 bones meet. n Some joints provide a small range of motion and are considered immovable (ex. -skull). Most are mobile and provide a range of movement.

Types of Mobile Joints n There are 4 types: n Ball and Socket- allows the widest range of motion; forward, backwards, sideways, circular. Examples- shoulder and hip. n. Pivot Joint- allows rotation. Between the skull and the first two vertebrae is an example of a pivot joint.

Types of Joints n Ellipsoidal Joint- oval shaped part in a curved space like the wrist. Allows all movements except pivot. n Hinge Joint- allows bending and straightening. Examples include, fingers, knee, and elbow.

Ligaments n Ligaments-tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that binds the bone ends at the joint. n Also prevents excess movement of the joint.

Tendons n Tendons- Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles. n Example of tendons that are visible to the eye are when you use your fingers you see the tendons moving on the back of your hand.

Part 2: Proper Bone Care and Fractures

Part 2: Proper Bone Care and Fractures n n Importance of bone function Proper diet for good bone care Physical Exercise Fractures

Importance of Bone Function n n Bones act as a storage center for the body’s essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Bones also produce blood cells. This takes place in the red bone marrow.

Proper Diet for Good Bone Care n Calcium is an essential mineral in order to build up the strength of the bones. n Food sources include milk, cheese, most dairy products.

Race & Osteoporosis

Proper diet n Phosphorus combines with calcium to give bones their rigidity. n Food sources include milk, peas, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli, and whole grains.

Physical Exercise n Regular activity is important for the health of bones. Exercise promotes better blood flow, increasing nourishment to the bones.

Physical Exercise n Also important is weight bearing exercise which increases the bone mass. Weight bearing activities include walking, lifting weights, any exercise with direct weight pressure to the ground. n Not included are swimming, biking, etc. n

Fractures n n Any type of break in a bone. Two main types: Simple (closed)- the bone does not stick out of the skin. n Compound (open)-one or both ends of the bone stick out or protrude through the skin. n

Skeletal Jeopardy