THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGS Part 1

THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGS

Part 1 • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista

PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES

PROKARYOTES • Archaebacteria (prokaryotes “Without nucleus”) • Lack any internal membrane-bound structures • Smallest single-celled organisms on Earth

EUKARYOTES • “True nucleus” • Found in all living things except bacteria • Have many kinds of internal membranebound structures • Have a nucleus where DNA is located

(1) Archaebacteria • • • “Archae” = “Ancient” (≥ 3 b. y. ) Prokaryotes (“before nucleus”) Small, single-celled Live where other living things cannot Need no oxygen or sunlight Make food from chemosynthesis, other chemicals, such as H 2 S

Different groups: • Methanogens – make methane

Methanogens: methane-producing bacteria

Methanopyrus

Methosarcina

Thermophiles – live in very hot water (hot springs) (underwater geothermal vents)

Thermus aquaticus Yellowstone N. P.

Underwater geothermal vents (“black smokers”) discovered - 1976

Ecology of deep thermal vents • Hot, mineral-rich water spews out • Mixes with cold ocean water • Supplies energy, raw materials

Halophiles – live in very salty water [halite is rock salt] (Dead Sea) (evaporation ponds)

Great Salt Lake – halophiles turn the land red after floods

Acidophiles – live in highly acid water (acid lakes)

Alkalaiphiles – live in highly alkaline water (Mono Lake, California) (Lake Eyre, Australia)

Cyanobacteria • Earliest photosynthesizers • Changed Earth’s early atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing Stromatolites Shark’s Bay Australia

(2) Eubacteria (“true” bacteria) • Live in soil, water, human bodies • Germs – harmful (cause sickness, diseases) • Beneficial bacteria – a. used to make yogurt, cheese, etc. • • • Typically 40 million/gram soil 1 million/m. L fresh water 5 x 1030 bacteria on Earth Form much of Earth’s biomass. Approx. 10 x as many bacteria as human cells in the body.

Three types: • [1] Spheres (cocci)

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Meningitis

Pneumonia

• [2] Rods (bacilli)

Escherichia coli

Bubonic Plague

Tuberculosis

Anthrax

Tetanus

Typhoid Fever

Ulcers

• [3] Spirals (spirilli)

Syphilis

Lyme Disease

Leptospirosis (200 x)

• First described by Adolf Weil in 1886 • “Acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". • First observed in 1907 from a post-mortem renal tissue slice. 1908 – Inada and Ito first identified it as the causative organism; 1916 – noted its presence in rats. • World's most common disease transmitted to people from animals • Rare in humans. • Commonly transmitted to humans by allowing water that has been contaminated by animal urine to come in contact with unhealed breaks in skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.

Useful bacteria • Bacterial fermentation of milk → yogurt • Bacteria, enzymes turn milk into cheese • Lactic acid bacteria turn cabbage into sauerkraut • Bacterial fermentation turns cucumbers into pickles • Bacteria turn alcohol in wine into vinegar.

• Other foods made by bacteria: – Sourdough breads, pretzels – Olives – Soy sauce

(3) Protista • Protozoans – animal-like – Flagellates – Amoeboids – Ciliates – Sporozoans • Plantlike • Fungus-like – Slime molds, water molds

Protozoans - flagellates Giardia lamblia

Termite protozoan

Protozoans - amoeboids

Protozoans - ciliates

Plantlike protozoans Euglena

Plant-like Protists • Algae • Kelp

Fungus-like Protists • Slime molds