The Short Story The Short Story as Art

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The Short Story

The Short Story

The Short Story as Art Purpose and Audience

The Short Story as Art Purpose and Audience

PURPOSE: Why Short Stories? There are principally THREE reasons for reading/writing short stories: 1.

PURPOSE: Why Short Stories? There are principally THREE reasons for reading/writing short stories: 1. To entertain The first purpose of a short story is to enjoy it. Authors want you to enjoy a short story (and usually to pay money for it).

Why Short Stories? 1. To entertain 2. To teach Often, the author has a

Why Short Stories? 1. To entertain 2. To teach Often, the author has a particular point of view on an issue that he/she wants to share. The story is the medium the author uses to convey the message. This is the stage of analysis at which understanding symbol, meaning, and other literary devices is important.

Why Short Stories? 1. To entertain 2. To teach 3. To raise questions Often,

Why Short Stories? 1. To entertain 2. To teach 3. To raise questions Often, a specific “message” from the author is not clear; other times, there is no “message” from the author per se. Rather, the author might be simply trying to get the reader to think about things in a new way, or to question things that the reader might have already made up his/her mind about.

Why Short Stories? 1. To entertain. 2. To teach. 3. To raise questions. It

Why Short Stories? 1. To entertain. 2. To teach. 3. To raise questions. It is important to remember that each short story can have two or all three purposes at the same time.

How to Analyze a Short Story

How to Analyze a Short Story

How to Analyze a Short Story In the study of English as a discipline,

How to Analyze a Short Story In the study of English as a discipline, you must approach texts in a variety of ways. The only way to truly analyze a work of fiction is to return to it more than once, with different purposes in mind. In a tightly-constructed short story, every element – and often every word – is chosen deliberately. When you analyze a short story, it is to see the author’s design. When you can see the author’s work, it raises the level of enjoyment (from an initial “knee-jerk” reaction to an intellectual one).

How to Analyze a Short Story First Reading Read primarily to enjoy. Second Reading

How to Analyze a Short Story First Reading Read primarily to enjoy. Second Reading Take notes on anything that seems unusual, particularly vivid, jarring, or difficult to understand. Subsequent Readings Bring your analytical skills to bear. Look for literary devices, and think about how they operate in the story.

How to Analyze a Short Story Take notes when you read a short story.

How to Analyze a Short Story Take notes when you read a short story. Remember: WHEN YOU READ, YOU UNDERSTAND ONCE; WHEN YOU WRITE, YOU UNDERSTAND TWICE.

Elements of a Short Story Plot, Character, Setting, Atmosphere, and Style

Elements of a Short Story Plot, Character, Setting, Atmosphere, and Style

The Five Elements of a Short Story 1. Plot 2. Character 3. Setting 4.

The Five Elements of a Short Story 1. Plot 2. Character 3. Setting 4. Atmosphere 5. Style

Plot

Plot

Vocabulary • Plot – the arrangement of incidents or events in a story; “what

Vocabulary • Plot – the arrangement of incidents or events in a story; “what happens” in the story. • Plot line – a way of visually demonstrating a story’s structure by plotting incidents along a line; plot lines can vary for different forms of fiction

Plot of a Short Story

Plot of a Short Story

Plot of a Short Story 4 5 6 3 crises 2 1

Plot of a Short Story 4 5 6 3 crises 2 1

Plot of a Short Story 1. Exposition (or Opening Situation) – The reader is

Plot of a Short Story 1. Exposition (or Opening Situation) – The reader is informed of the setting and is introduced to the main characters. 2. Inciting Force (or Complication) – A conflict is usually established between characters. This conflict “gets things started”. 3. Rising Action – The conflict between characters develops and becomes more pronounced. Involves a series of crises (conflicts).

Plot of a Short Story 4. Climax – The moment of greatest suspense; a

Plot of a Short Story 4. Climax – The moment of greatest suspense; a point of conflict that will lead to the resolution of the main plot. 5. Falling Action – The result of the outcome of the climactic conflict. Can involve a crisis, but in a short story is usually very short. 6. Denouement (or Resolution, or Final Outcome) – The writer attempts to have the reader leave the story satisfied.

The Three Little Pigs

The Three Little Pigs

Plot – The Three Little Pigs 4 5 6 3 2 1

Plot – The Three Little Pigs 4 5 6 3 2 1

Assignment – Analyze “The Three Little Pigs” In your notebook, draw a plot line.

Assignment – Analyze “The Three Little Pigs” In your notebook, draw a plot line. Label the plotline with numbers and dots for the crises. Then, using the numbers as a “key” or guide, explain the plot of “The Three Little Pigs”.

Plot of “The Three Little Pigs” 1. Exposition (or Opening Situation) 2. Inciting Force

Plot of “The Three Little Pigs” 1. Exposition (or Opening Situation) 2. Inciting Force (or Complication) 3. The three pigs are introduced. Setting is minimal: “Once upon a time”, with talking/personified pigs. It is time for the pigs to go out into the world and seek their fortunes, so they leave home. The big bad wolf discovers the first pig in his house of straw, and wants to eat him. Rising Action The wolf visits the house of straw and the house of sticks, blows them down and eats the piggies (these are the crises).

Plot of “The Three Little Pigs” 4. Climax • Failing to blow down the

Plot of “The Three Little Pigs” 4. Climax • Failing to blow down the brick house, the wolf tries a different tactic to get into the house. The wolf climbs down the chimney and dies. 5. Falling Action • The surviving pig invites his mother over, and she reinforces the lesson the pig (and reader) learned. 6. Denouement (or Resolution, or Final Outcome) • The pig learns his lesson and lives “happily ever after!”

“The Sniper” 1) Read “The Sniper”. 2) Answer the following questions: a) Where does

“The Sniper” 1) Read “The Sniper”. 2) Answer the following questions: a) Where does this story take place? b) How do you know? Give two details from the story that show where it takes place. c) In what era (time) is this story set? Identify two details that indicate that this is the time of the story. d) Re-read the story and pick out the key moments of the story jot the ideas down – creating a rough sketch of the plot line.

 • A) It takes place in Ireland, during the civil war. Dublin, rooftop

• A) It takes place in Ireland, during the civil war. Dublin, rooftop near O’Connell • B) The author tells us they are in Dublin; He also gives us landmarks that are in the city – O’Connell Bridge, River Liffey, Four Courts. • C) 1920 – flasks of whiskey, matches, smoking, shawl, field dressing, iodine bottle,

Plot Line • Introduction/Exposition – we meet the sniper; find out on a roof

Plot Line • Introduction/Exposition – we meet the sniper; find out on a roof in Dublin, Ireland; during civil war; • Inciting force – sniper lights a cig. , other sniper shoots at him. • Rising action – • amoured car – sniper kills • Old lady points in his direction – sniper kills • Sniper gets shot

 • Climax – Sniper pretends to die, then shoots the other guy •

• Climax – Sniper pretends to die, then shoots the other guy • Falling Action – • • Throws his own gun – and almost shoots himself Decided to go see his commander Shot at by machine gun Goes to see who he killed • Denouement (or Resolution, or Final Outcome) • Turns over body and finds out it’s his brother.

Plot – “The Sniper” 4 5 6 3 2 1

Plot – “The Sniper” 4 5 6 3 2 1

Plot of “The Sniper” 1. Exposition (or Opening Situation) The Republican sniper is introduced.

Plot of “The Sniper” 1. Exposition (or Opening Situation) The Republican sniper is introduced. Setting = Dublin, Ireland, night time, near the River Liffey. Sniper is on a roof. 2. Inciting Force (or Complication) Sniper decides to have a smoke – other sniper (Free Stater) takes a shot. 3. Rising Action Armoured car appears, old lady points to roof where sniper is trying to hide. Sniper shoots man in car and old lady. Sniper gets shot.

Plot of “The Sniper” 4. Climax • The Sniper decides to trick the other

Plot of “The Sniper” 4. Climax • The Sniper decides to trick the other shooter and puts hat on cap… ends with Sniper shooting and killing other shooter with revolver. 5. Falling Action • • The sniper throws revolver (almost shooting himself!) Decides to leave roof to look for his company Feels compelled to see who the other shooter is. Machine gun shots as he runs 6. Denouement (or Resolution, or Final Outcome) • Turns other shooter over = brother.

 What is this story really about? What is the author trying to say

What is this story really about? What is the author trying to say about war in general? Life isn’t easy War = no names, no faces There are no winners! Author’s thoughts = There are no winners in war!

Vocabulary Noun – a person, place, thing, or idea Adjective – a word that

Vocabulary Noun – a person, place, thing, or idea Adjective – a word that describes or limits a noun Verb – an action word Adverb – a word that describes how a verb is done; usually ends in -ly

Plot and Conflict

Plot and Conflict

Plot and Conflict Our lives are full of conflict. Likewise, the lives of characters

Plot and Conflict Our lives are full of conflict. Likewise, the lives of characters are full of conflict. Think of a story as really a look at a conflict and its resolution (for better or worse!). There is no story without conflict.

Plot and Conflict Really, the plot of a story is literally ALL about conflict.

Plot and Conflict Really, the plot of a story is literally ALL about conflict. The inciting force and the crises (in the rising action phase), as well as the climax are all conflicts of some sort. (Note: There can be minor conflicts in the falling action, but in a short story these are rare. )

Two Main Types of Conflict There are two main types of conflict: • Psychological

Two Main Types of Conflict There are two main types of conflict: • Psychological Conflict • Physical Conflict

Categories of Conflict can be categorized as: Internal: Person vs. Herself/Himself OR External: Person

Categories of Conflict can be categorized as: Internal: Person vs. Herself/Himself OR External: Person vs. Nature Person vs. Society Person vs. the Unknown Person vs. the Supernatural Person vs. Time

“The Most Dangerous Game” Read “The Most Dangerous Game”. Using a plot diagram, outline

“The Most Dangerous Game” Read “The Most Dangerous Game”. Using a plot diagram, outline the plot of the story. Identify five different conflicts in the story, and identify their types and categories. Which conflict is the “main conflict”? How can you tell? How is it resolved?

Character *Characterization*

Character *Characterization*

Characterization • Characters are the “people” of the story. • Characterization is of two

Characterization • Characters are the “people” of the story. • Characterization is of two main types: • Direct characterization occurs when the author (through narration) explicitly tells the reader what a particular character is like. • Indirect characterization is more subtle. The author gives certain information and lets the reader draw his/her own conclusions regarding the character.

Indirect characterization is achieved using the following methods: • The character’s name. (E. g.

Indirect characterization is achieved using the following methods: • The character’s name. (E. g. Old Man Warner in “The Lottery” warns people. ) • The character’s appearance. • What the character says (or thinks). • What the character does. • What others say or think about the character, including other characters or the narrator.

How to analyze Character? • To analyze a character, look at the character’s dialogue,

How to analyze Character? • To analyze a character, look at the character’s dialogue, appearance, actions, environment, character type, and motivation. • Also note if there are ironies or discrepancies, i. e. does the character say he believes one thing, but act the opposite way? Do other characters say things about him that you do not see as true?

What is a Character Sketch? • A character sketch is a write-up about a

What is a Character Sketch? • A character sketch is a write-up about a specific character, giving the characters main personality traits and physical attributes. • It should include the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Identifying the Character (1 paragraph) Physical Description (1 paragraph) Personality & Characteristics (1 -2 paragraphs) Importance of the Character to the Story (1 paragraph)

1. Identify the Character This paragraph could be the introduction. Tell who the character

1. Identify the Character This paragraph could be the introduction. Tell who the character is by naming the character and what role he/she plays in the story. Give the title of the novel/story/play. Tell whether he/she is a major, secondary, or minor character.

2. Physical Description • Tell what the character looks like. Use evidence from the

2. Physical Description • Tell what the character looks like. Use evidence from the novel – be specific! • Look for the best quotes you can – note characterization methods!

3. Personality & Characteristics • Explain what the character “is like”. • This could

3. Personality & Characteristics • Explain what the character “is like”. • This could include: • • • His/her likes and dislikes His/her good and bad qualities His/her strong and weak points His/her attitude and opinions Basically, any personality characteristic that is shown through characterization.

3. Personality & Characteristics continued. . • IMPORTANT: Whatever statements you make about a

3. Personality & Characteristics continued. . • IMPORTANT: Whatever statements you make about a character, they MUST be backed up (proven) by evidence from the story! • Give examples, quotations, and references from the story to prove what you say.

4. Importance of the Character to the Story • Explain the importance of this

4. Importance of the Character to the Story • Explain the importance of this character and his/her role in the story. • Consider how he/she added to the story and speculate on how the story might have been different had he/she acted differently.

Personality Words Aggressive Ambitious Anxious Bitter Boastful Cautious Clumsy Concerned Confident Considerate Courageous Courteous

Personality Words Aggressive Ambitious Anxious Bitter Boastful Cautious Clumsy Concerned Confident Considerate Courageous Courteous Cowardly Cruel Curious Dependable Disorganized Easy-going Eccentric Excitable Faithful Friendly Generous Gentle Gloomy Greedy

Personality Words Grouchy Gullible Helpful Honest Humble Hypocritical Ignorant Ill-tempered Imaginative Impatient Independent Ingenious

Personality Words Grouchy Gullible Helpful Honest Humble Hypocritical Ignorant Ill-tempered Imaginative Impatient Independent Ingenious Insecure Insistent Intelligent Inventive Irrepressible Jealous Lazy Lonely Loving Loyal Miserly Moody Nervous Obnoxious Optimistic Outgoing Outrageous Pessimistic Polite Proud

Personality Words Relaxed Reliable Romantic Rude Sarcastic Scatterbrained Secretive Sensitive Shy Sly Sneaky Sophisticated

Personality Words Relaxed Reliable Romantic Rude Sarcastic Scatterbrained Secretive Sensitive Shy Sly Sneaky Sophisticated Spontaneous Stubborn Superficial Suspicious Tactful Timid Tiresome Treacherous Uninhibited Unintelligent Unpredictable Unreliable Vague Vain Virtuous Vital Vulnerable Witty

Character Types of Characters

Character Types of Characters

Types of Characters can be described in several ways. Two main ones are: “Flat”

Types of Characters can be described in several ways. Two main ones are: “Flat” v. “Round” “Major” v. “Minor”

Flat v. Round Characters • Round (or dynamic) characters change and grow throughout the

Flat v. Round Characters • Round (or dynamic) characters change and grow throughout the course of a story. The change might be emotional, spiritual, or intellectual. Through encountering the conflicts and crises in the story, they illuminate the message(s) the author is sending. • Flat characters do not change and grow throughout the story.

Major v. Minor Characters Major characters are important to the story. They tend also

Major v. Minor Characters Major characters are important to the story. They tend also to be round. Protagonist – The central character of a literary work. Antagonist – The rival or opponent against whom the main character (protagonist) is contending.

Major v. Minor Characters Minor characters tend to be flat, but are also important

Major v. Minor Characters Minor characters tend to be flat, but are also important to a story in that they serve particular purposes, which may include: Giving the author a way to provide background information Act as a foil (a contrast character) or alter ego (a comparison character) to a major character Foreshadow events Advance the plot Illuminate theme Enhance the setting Establish mood

Stereotypes • Sometimes, characters are stereotypes – characters that reflect expectations of behaviour from

Stereotypes • Sometimes, characters are stereotypes – characters that reflect expectations of behaviour from particular groups, rather than a fleshed-out personality. • Stereotypes can serve a purpose in a story as a minor character, but as major characters they are usually simply a sign of weak writing.

“Two Kinds” Crossroads 10 pp. 198 -209. Complete “Responding to the Story” p. 210.

“Two Kinds” Crossroads 10 pp. 198 -209. Complete “Responding to the Story” p. 210.

“Two Kinds” – Character Development Character development occurs when a character changes throughout the

“Two Kinds” – Character Development Character development occurs when a character changes throughout the course of a story. 1. What was your initial reaction to the mother? How did you feel about her by the end of the story? 2. What was your initial reaction to the daughter? How did you feel about her by the end of the story? When you write your own stories, keep this in mind!

“Two Kinds” Assignment -- Thinking Outside the Text 1. What pressures are there on

“Two Kinds” Assignment -- Thinking Outside the Text 1. What pressures are there on people to be “successful”? 2. What is “success”? 3. What images does society use to stand for success? 4. Do you think that success is important? Why? 5. Should everyone want to be “successful”? Why or why not? 6. Can everyone be successful? 7. What is “character”? How does character relate to behaviour?

Setting

Setting

Setting § Setting – the physical “backdrop” of the story; where (place) and when

Setting § Setting – the physical “backdrop” of the story; where (place) and when (time) the story takes place. § When looking at setting, you must try to be as specific as possible, but describe where the entire story takes place. § For example, “A modern-day city, ” “Jerusalem in the Middle Ages, ” and “Anchorage, Alaska c. 1950 s” are settings; “night-time on a street, then in a car, then a store” is not. • Generally, the author will leave it to the reader to infer the setting of the story, to some extent. • Infer = deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements.

“The Toll House”

“The Toll House”

1. Explain what happened in this story in paragraph one. 2. How would you

1. Explain what happened in this story in paragraph one. 2. How would you describe the atmosphere of this story? 3. Was there something that confused you in the story? Identify the confusing part. 4. Do you believe in ghosts? Why or why not? Explain. 5. Would you stay in the toll house? What would you take there?

Vocabulary • toll • spectres • indulgently • balusters • stealthy • parched •

Vocabulary • toll • spectres • indulgently • balusters • stealthy • parched • infernal • inaudible • stupefied • derision • strident

Atmosphere

Atmosphere

Atmosphere – the overall mood or tone of the story. Atmosphere is usually established

Atmosphere – the overall mood or tone of the story. Atmosphere is usually established at the beginning of a story. Any number of things can contribute to the atmosphere, including (but not limited to): § § § Characters Clothing Furniture Natural surroundings Light/darkness Weather Atmosphere has a close connection with setting, because the setting often determines the atmosphere of the story.

“A Sound of Thunder”

“A Sound of Thunder”

1. How is the reader’s interest caught in the introduction of this story? 2.

1. How is the reader’s interest caught in the introduction of this story? 2. What is the main conflict in the story. Be as specific as possible! 3. What is the climax of the story? Why do you think that part is the climax? 4. One of the goals of this story is to raise questions about larger issues in the real world. For each of the following ideas, suggest what Bradbury might be trying to get the reader to think about: - Hunting - Time travel - Man’s relationship with the natural world - Human nature - Scientific progress and its dangers - Politics

Plot Line Diagram

Plot Line Diagram

OPENING SITUATION – It’s 2055. Eckels pays $10 000 to go on a Time

OPENING SITUATION – It’s 2055. Eckels pays $10 000 to go on a Time Safari to kill a dinosaur. Danger is explained and he still decides to go INCITING FORCE – all enter Time Machine and travel back in time to prehistoric jungle. Travis (leader) explains importance of staying on the path. Eckels does not seem to understand seriousness of this RISING ACTION – leave machine / go onto path. Eckels aims at pterodactyl / reprimanded by Travis. Sees the beast.

CLIMAX – Eckels panics at the sight of the huge dinosaur and decides he

CLIMAX – Eckels panics at the sight of the huge dinosaur and decides he can’t kill it FALLING ACTION – Eckels steps off path and kills butterfly. Hunters kill dinosaur and return to ship. Tree falls on beast. Travis orders Eckels to retrieve bullets. Eckels returns / ship leaves. RESOLUTION – Upon return to Earth they see a new president. Travis kills Eckels.

Character • Round • Eckels – seems brave but character deteriorates due to fear

Character • Round • Eckels – seems brave but character deteriorates due to fear • Lesperance – has empathy for Eckels

Character • Flat • Travis – remains tough, serious, says he will kill Eckels

Character • Flat • Travis – remains tough, serious, says he will kill Eckels and does • Billings • Kramer • Man behind the desk

Conflict • Internal: • Eckels faces an internal struggle about whether to shoot the

Conflict • Internal: • Eckels faces an internal struggle about whether to shoot the dinosaur or return to Time Machine • Eckels struggles with fear

Conflicts • External: • Char vs Char • Eckels vs Travis – does not

Conflicts • External: • Char vs Char • Eckels vs Travis – does not listen to rules • Lesperance vs Travis – regarding Eckels • Char vs nature • Hunters vs dinosaur • Man vs delicate balance of nature • Char vs unknown • Hunters vs uncertain consequence of disturbing even a blade of grass • Hunters vs uncertainty of what they will face with going back in time • Char vs Society • A government against time travel • Results of what Eckels did, changing the world

Theme

Theme

A “Sounder of Thunder” Ray Bradbury is dealing with the world of scientific discovery

A “Sounder of Thunder” Ray Bradbury is dealing with the world of scientific discovery and the wonders of technology. Science provides mankind with many wonderful inventions that can enrich life. The time machine is an image of the wonderful things science can bring to mankind. Bradbury shows there is a delicate balance in nature and that it can be dangerous to tamper with or alter. There are very strict natural laws that become scientific principles and these govern our world. Bradbury shows how necessary it is for scientists to observe these laws and principles of scientific inquiry. He shows that the slightest mistake or smallest degree of negligence with regard to these laws could have catastrophic results.

Style

Style

Style • Style – the ways an author expresses himself/herself and conveys his/her ideas

Style • Style – the ways an author expresses himself/herself and conveys his/her ideas and central purpose. • Style is very personal, like a signature – no two writing styles are identical. • In order to examine a writer’s style, we must consider the following six areas: • • • Diction Sentence structure Point of view Irony Symbolism Imagery

Style – Point of View • Point of view – the vantage point from

Style – Point of View • Point of view – the vantage point from which the author presents the action of the story. The point of view is presented by the narrator. • Every work of fiction has a narrator; the person telling the story is the narrator, NOT the author! • In some stories, there is little separation between the narrator and the author, but in others the narrator brings his/her own biases to the telling of the story.

Style – Point of View There are two ways to describe point of view:

Style – Point of View There are two ways to describe point of view: Third person perspective vs. First person perspective AND Limited narration vs. Omniscient narration

Style – Point of View Third person narration – The person telling the story

Style – Point of View Third person narration – The person telling the story is NOT part of the action. The reader/viewer sees the action as if from an external camera. They saw the enemy ahead. Creeping up quietly, John raised his rifle…

Style – Point of View First person narration – This is a major, minor,

Style – Point of View First person narration – This is a major, minor, or “silent” character who tells the story. (“Silent” means they play no role in the action of the story, but are present in it. ) I saw them there, crouched behind the boxes, and shouted to my team to fire at will!

Point of View – Language You can identify a first- or third-person perspective based

Point of View – Language You can identify a first- or third-person perspective based upon the pronouns used by the narrator. First person narration – I or we are used. Third person narration – He, she, or they are used.

Style – Point of View Limited narration – The narrator’s knowledge is limited to

Style – Point of View Limited narration – The narrator’s knowledge is limited to the direct knowledge of the narrator/character. This is the point of view that is most like “real life”, and provides an immediacy to the action. For example, you do not know exactly what is happening behind each of the walls of the classroom you are in. Likewise, a limited narrator would only know what he/she could perceive.

Style – Point of View Omniscient narration – The narrator knows everything about the

Style – Point of View Omniscient narration – The narrator knows everything about the characters and events, and can “enter the mind” of any character at will. Omniscient narration is useful for stories with several characters of equal importance, or for letting the viewer see the antagonist’s point of view as well as the protagonist’s. Omniscient narration sacrifices immediacy of action. The omniscient narrator is often confused with the author.

Style – Point of View When you describe the narration in a story, you

Style – Point of View When you describe the narration in a story, you must describe the various aspects of the point of view. There are FOUR basic points of view: • First person omniscient (rare) • First person limited • Third person omniscient • Third person limited

Style – Point of View First Person Limited Omniscient Third Person

Style – Point of View First Person Limited Omniscient Third Person

Point of View – Some Examples • “The Three Little Pigs” is written from

Point of View – Some Examples • “The Three Little Pigs” is written from the third person omniscient perspective. We can see what each of the pigs is doing inside the houses, and what the wolf does outside as well. • The Outsiders is written from the first person limited perspective. We only see what Ponyboy sees, and events are interpreted for us by Ponyboy. (Cue for Treason is the same, with Peter being the narrator. ) (“I went down to the market. ”) • The “Harry Potter” series is written mostly in the third person limited perspective. The only action that we see happen is when Harry is present; the rest is reported to the reader by other characters. (Most suspense novels are written from this point of view, to maintain suspense by keeping the reader guessing. ) Occasionally, the author allows us to see the teachers talking, and on one or two occasions lets us see the villains scheming (switching narrative perspectives).

Point of View – Exercise Complete the following exercise in your notebook: • Choose

Point of View – Exercise Complete the following exercise in your notebook: • Choose two novels you have read in the recent past, or are reading now. Include your independent reading selection for class! • For each, identify the narrative point of view and the verb tense employed. Why do you think the author deliberately chose these elements?

“A Manly Heart” Questions In a paragraph explain theme of this story. What do

“A Manly Heart” Questions In a paragraph explain theme of this story. What do you consider to be the climax of the story? From what point of view is this story told? Why do you think this is particularly effective? Describe the character of Donald’s mother. What do you think Archie’s perception of Donald’s behavior is? What do the Tomlinsons (Archie’s parents) think of Donald? Explain the significance of the following quote, “but I kept thinking about the line about facing the future with a manly heart. It seemed to mean something else, that I couldn’t quite understand at the time. ”

Comprehension Questions • What type of school does Donald go to? • What are

Comprehension Questions • What type of school does Donald go to? • What are they celebrating? • Who comes to see Donald? What is their profession? • How did Donald pay for his tuition? • What lie does Donald tell his guest? • How does Donald’s guest get home? How does Donald want his guest to get home? • What style of point of view is this story written in?

Review for Test • Terms from Unit • Stories we covered

Review for Test • Terms from Unit • Stories we covered