The Segregation and Desegregation of americas Public Schools
The Segregation and Desegregation of america’s Public Schools By: Kortney Tucker & Melanee Mills Period 7
The beginning 1896 - Supreme Court sanctioned legal separation of the black and white races in the ruling H. A. Plessy v. J. H. Ferguson Refused to sit in Jim Crow Car Believed that separate but equal facilities did not violate the 14 th Amendment 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th amendments had been established, but blacks were still treated as second class citizens Forced to separate themselves in transportation, public
Segregation De Jure Segregation: discriminatory laws or government actions Jim Crow Laws: schools, public facilities, buses, etc. De Facto Segregation: discrimination due to social patterns and racial residencies Ghettos/all-black districts
NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Created in 1909 and still exists today! “Our mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination. And we’ve been doing it since 1909. ”(http: //www. naacp. org/)
Where was it practiced Legally, Segregation started 1896 with the ruling of Plessy V. Ferguson In the south, African Americans were still kept as paid slaves Once freed, segregation was mostly present in the South By 1900, 90% of African Americans lived in the South
Murray V. Maryland (1936) 1933 - Thurgood Marshall was denied acceptance to the University of Maryland’s Law School into 1935 - Thurgood Marshall argued in court that Donald Gaines Murray was just as qualified as white students Rejection from university based solely upon race Argued “black” law schools were nowhere near the academic caliber of “white” law schools--Violate separate but equal 1936 - ruled in favor of Murray, he was admitted to the
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) Heman Sweatt applied to University of Texas’ “white” law school University hastily built underfunded “black” law school on campus to avoid admission of Sweatt NAACP with Thurgood Marshall challenge the case 1950 - ruling in favor of Sweatt… “blatant inequalities” School was Separate but NOT equal
Mc. Laurin v. Oklahoma Board of Regents of Higher Education (1950) 1949 - George Mc. Laurin was admitted to University of Oklahoma’s doctorate program, but treated differently Required to sit away from the rest of the class Had to eat at a separate time and table from the other students NAACP with Thurgood Marshall argued these practices had “adverse effects on (Mc. Laurin’s) academic pursuits” Court ruled in favor of Mc. Laurin due to the requirements affecting his ability to equally learn
Brown V Board of Education (5 Different Cases)
Brown V Board of Education (1954 -1955) Oliver Brown felt his 8 year old daughter, Linda, should not have to go to an “all-black” school 21 blocks from home when there was an “all-white” school just 7 blocks away Overturned Plessey V. Ferguson- No separate but equal Ended de jure Segregation in Public Schools “African Americans sought to desegregate education not because they wanted to socialize with white students, but because it provided the best means for obtaining a quality education. ”
Government Reactions to the Desegregation of Schools Many government leaders opposed the integration of public schools Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas mobilized state National Guard at Little Rock High School in attempt to keep 9 African American students from going to the “white” school Violence and harassment of the students followed because Faubus refused to protect the students Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia claimed the court had overstepped its bounds
Reactions from the public White Southerners tried to circumvent the order, and rallied against any groups who dared advocate integration White boycotts in various schools New Orleans elementary school-1 st black child to desegregate an all white school Racial slurs and death threats Violent actions Ku Klux Klan
The civil rights movement (1950 s) Initiated by Rosa Parks’ bus incident Lead by Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcom X, Rosa Parks Had a non-violent approach towards gaining equality… Civil Disobedience Example: 1955 -56 Montgomery Bus Boycott- protested against segregated public facilities in Alabama… lasted 381 days Lead to the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights Act (1964) Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or nationality Proposed and brought to congress by Kennedy Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson Most sweeping civil rights legislation since the Reconstruction
Continual improvement Black students in white schools in the south - probability of graduation for blacks in desegregated schools
Works Cited http: //www. uscourts. gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-reenactment https: //www. reference. com/history/did-segregation-start-end-8 fecb 3 acf 3927 b 04 http: //nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/freedom/1865 -1917/essays/segregation. htm http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-return-of-school-segregation-in-eight-charts/ http: //www. history. co. uk/study-topics/history-of-america/racial-segregation https: //freedmenspatrol. files. wordpress. com/2012/11/us_slavefree 1861. gif http: //www. history. com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement https: //www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? flash=true&doc=97 https: //www. nps. gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ak 1. htm http: //cdn. history. com/sites/2/2014/01/Little_Rock_integration_protest-P. jpeg
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