THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1941 1945 A 27

THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1941 -1945 A 27 7. 3. 22

GUIDING QUESTION µTo what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society, economy and government?

HOME FRONT WAR ON THE

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY 1. Industrial Production µ War Production Board (later: Office of War Mobilization) « By 1944, war production double that of all Axis powers « “cost-plus” basis µ Results: « end of Depression; « consolidation of U. S. industry

Effects of War Spending

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY 2. Rationing and Price Controls µ Office of Price Administration µ rationing µ Anti-Inflation Act 3. Controlling Labor µ ”no-strike” pledges µ Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (War Labor Disputes Act) (1943) µ personal income µ union membership : major Labor Union Membership, 1920 increase 1960 Ration Card

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY 4. Farmers – farm income doubled, as in World War I 5. Financing the War: $321 billion total! cost $100 billion for 1945 alone µ Income Tax (Revenue Act of 1942 – 94%!, everyone, withholding) µ Liberty Bonds War Bond Military Expenditures and the National Debt, 1929 -1945

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY 6. Propaganda µ Office of War Information « Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWI « anti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

Effects on Society

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY µ End of the Depression µ High employment µ Farm crisis ended µ personal income µ rationing µ savings µ Union membership µ Corporate

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Demographic Shifts µ Urbanization µ Migration to West, esp. California « rapid industrialization of some western states (California) « Henry J. Kaiser – Kaiser Steel µ South –military posts and defense installations Population Shifts 19401950 Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases, and Airfields

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY µ Armed Forces - 200 K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS and WAVES. µ Work Force - 6. 5 million women entered (57% increase) « concentrated in government clerical jobs « "Rosie the Riveter" µ Families – “ 8 -hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime « Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war

IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Minorities & Rights Second Great Migration Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943) Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip Randolph on Washington 1942) - pressure on companies with gov’t contracts µ FDR’s response: µ µ Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination Results: µ Significant decrease in number willing to accept status of second class citizens. µ Repudiation of Nazi racism strengthened civil « «

Segregated Units

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTS µ Japanese Americans µ Internment µ Executive Order 8066 µ Korematsu v. U. S. (1944) µ In re Endo (1944) Japanese American Internment Camps

Japanese-American store Members of the Mochida family awaiting evacuation bus Japanese. American Internment Awaiting baggage inspection upon arrival at Assembly Center, Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942 Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San Francisco

War Relocation authority center, Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942 Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA, April 29, 1942. (National Archives and Records Administration) Japanese. American Internment The Hirano family, Colorado River Relocation Center, Poston, AZ

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWER New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC). µ Vast expansion of power for federal government µ Election of 1944 µ FDR ran for unprecedented fourth term Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY) – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives Employees in the Executive Branch, 1901– 1995 « Harry S Truman « « Presidential Election of 1944

WAR IN EUROPE

µ Operation Torch (1942 May 1943) µ Gen. George C. Marshall µ Second front in France? µ (Dec 1942/Jan µ Stalingrad Air War 1943) « incendiary raids on Hamburg, Berlin and Dresden µ Invasion of Italy « Mussolini DEFEATING GERMANY

D-Day

Invasion of Normandy Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before D-Day D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944 After the Normandy Invasion

µ Allied invasion of France µ Normandy - D-Day (June 6, 1944) µ Battle of the Bulge (late µ December Fall of 1944) Germany « Berlin (June 2, 1945) « Hitler suicide (April 30) « Surrender June 7, 1945 (VE Day) DEFEATING GERMANY

WAR IN THE PACIFIC

GUIDING QUESTION µ Why did the United States decide to use atomic bombs against Japan? (strictly military measure to end the war? or diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the Soviet Union in the postwar era? )

WAR IN THE PACIFIC µ Philippines « Bataan Death March µ Battle of Coral Sea (May 7 -8, 1942) µ Midway (June 4 -7, 1942) µ Island- hopping µ Gen Douglas Mac. Arthur µ Admiral Chester Nimitz µ Solomon Islands –

American Troops Before Amphibious Landing Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific Island US troops wading ashore Butari, November 1943 Sprawled bodies on beach Tarawa Island-Hopping in the Pacific

WAR IN THE PACIFIC µ Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944) µ kamikaze s µ Iwo Jima (Feb-March 1945) µ Okinawa (April – June 1945) Flag Raising on Iwo Jima

BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE µ FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945) µ Harry S Truman (President 1945 -53) Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945 President Truman addressing Congress after Roosevelt’s death

BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE µ Manhattan Project (begun 1942) µ Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945 µ Unconditional surrender or face ”utter destruction” µ Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) µ Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) µ Japan surrender September 2, 1945 (V-J Day) Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. , & the ENOLA GAY Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” & “Fat Man”

Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945

Nagasaki atomic bombing August 9, 1945

Aftermath of Nagasaki bombing

Arguments for use Japanese refused to surrender. It was estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was needed to bring the war to an end. µ US officials estimated conquest of Japan’s empire would last an additional 18 months to 2 years. µ µ US officials estimated Allied casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in addition to huge Japanese losses if there was an invasion of Japan. µ Japanese leadership was Arguments opposed µ Bombs were untested and their destruction unknown µ Neither city was a major military target and the attacks would mainly kill Japanese civilians. µ Radiation poisoning, birth defects and contamination would have negative effects on the population. µ Would set a precedent about using weapons of

Surrender ceremonies on the USS Missouri

Japanese Surrender on the USS Missouri Sept 2, 1945

RESULTS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR µ 300, 000 dead, over 800 K wounded µ $320 billion cost µ National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250 billion by 1945 µ End of Depression µ Joined United Nations µ Only major power without significant physical damage

7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Formed by Service in WWII

WWII Memorial, Washington, DC Dedicated on April 29, 2004

SOURCES µ µ µ µ Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10 e America: Pathways to the Present (2003) National Archives and Records Administration Thomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank http: //www. wadsworth. com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_19 45. html Teaching Politics, http: //teachpol. tcnj. edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse 1950. htm American Journey Online Divine, America Past and Present Revd 7 th Ed. Nash, The American People 6 e; http: //wps. ablongman. com/long_nash_ap_6/0, 7361, 592970 -, 00. html Faragher, Out of Many 3 e http: //wps. prenhall. com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/ Jones, Created Equal Kennedy, American Pageant 13 e Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley H. S. , Chappaqua, NY Henretta, America’s History 5 e, http: //www. bedfordstmartins. com/mapcentral Roark, American Promise 3 e, http: //www. bedfordstmartins. com/mapcentral http: //www. printmini. com/printables/mil/index. shtml (camouflage)

Franklin Roosevelt in wheelchair

Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, Tehran, 1943