THE SECOND CALPH UMAR 13 23634 644 Umar

THE SECOND CALİPH ‘UMAR (13 -23/634 -644)

`Umar ibn Al-Khattāb, Umar Son of Al-Khattab, born 579 CE – died 6 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in islamic history. Umar was born in Mecca to Benu Adi clan. His father was Khattab ibn Nufeyl. and his mother was Fatima bint Hasham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum. In his youth he used to tend to his father’s camels in the plains near Mecca.

Umar learned to read and write in his youth. He was tall, physically powerful. In 610 Prophet Muhammad started delivering the message of Islam. Umar, alongside others in Mecca, opposed Islam and threatened to kill Muhammad. ‘Umar converted to Islam in 616 one year after the Migration to Abyssinia.

After he accepted Islam, Prophet Muhammad led the first historic Şalāt in the Ka‘bah openly. For this courageous and bold action of ‘Umar, the Prophet gave him an appellation “al–Farūq” ( the Seperator of truth from falsehood).

During Abû Bakr’s short reign as caliph, Umar served as a chief secretary and advisor to him. Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor prior to the caliph's death in 13/634. Muwafakat-ı Umar –agree (2: 219 -33: 53 -2: 125 -9: 84 He assumed the title the Commander of the Faithfuls (Amīr-al-Mū’minīn).

‘Umar’s Wars and Victories Syria: to replace Khalid b. Walid b, Abû Ubayda al. Jarrah. Between 13 -16 (634 -79 three battles: Ajnadayn, Fihl, Yarmuk. After the defeat on the Yarmuk, and the final fall of Damascus(16/637), the Byzantines put no more armies into the field. The fall of Jerusalem was probably the immediate cause of Umar’s visit in about 17/638. (Patriarch Sophronius)

Iraq and Persia: The Bridge(13/634), battle of Buwa`yb (14/635), battle of Qadisiyyah (14/635), and battle of Jalula (16/637) Battle of Nahāvand-Fath al-futûh (21/641 -42) Egypt: (19 -21/640642) Amr b. al-As.

muallafa al-qulub (Those whose hearts are to be reconciled with or softened) “alms are only for the poor and the needy, and those who collect them, and those whose hearts are to be reconciled, and to free the captives and the debtors, and for the cause of Allah, and (for) the wayfarers; a duty imposed by Allah is knower, Wise. ” Qur’an, 9: 60.

Diwan system: to distribute income of fey’ among muslims once in a year, to fix amount of salary (‘atâ’), to record the names on diwan. Fey’: The term ‘fey’ as referred in the Qur’an is one type of income tax. 1. Jizyah (Defense or poll Tax) (Qur’an, 9: 29) 2. Kharāj (Land Tax) 3. Tax on non-Muslim merchants or traders

Diwan established in 20/641. Language: Arabic Given: Uncle Abbas : 12 000 Dirham Wives of Prophet Muhammad: People of Badr. Grandchildren of Prophet Muhammad: Hassan and Husain. Women-children No salary for slaves.

The treatment of non-Muslims: To exclude jews and christians from Najran and Haybar. Shura: ‘Alī bn Abi Tālib, ‘Uthmān bn ‘Affān, Talħah bn ‘Ubaydullah, Abdur –Rahmān bn ‘Awf, Sa’d bn Abi Waqqās and Zubayr bn ‘Awwām. Abdullah b. Umar (his son)