THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION How did the Scientific Revolution

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance? In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?

MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION -rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum to include the study of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress

the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy) Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation Galileo was supported by the Medici family

The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

Aristotle’s View of the Universe

Ptolemy’s Universe

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 -1543) -Polish astronomer challenged the Roman astronomer, Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric) planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun

JOHANNAS KEPLER (1571 -1630) -German astronomer -formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical not circular -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun -Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

JOHANNAS KEPLER THE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) -Italian philosopher and astronomer Medici family was a patron (supporter) of his work -Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon

Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and its moons Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrism It was not well received by the Church

-Galileo’s views were challenged by the Church feared that helio-centrism would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universe This theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were condemned placed on the Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest -Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642

GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM (OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

THE DIALOGUE

Galileo before the Inquisition

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

Isaac Newton (1642 -1723) -English mathematician – Cambridge University -built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis) -1686 formulated the mathematics for the universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe exerts a force on every other body) -provided evidence that the universe was governed by precise mathematical relationships

-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent. ” -the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world

Newton’s 3 Laws 1. “Law of Inertia” 2. F=ma 3. “equal and opposite”

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

Newton also came to better understand the properties of light