The Scientific Revolution Copernicus Galileo and beyond https

The Scientific Revolution: Copernicus, Galileo, and beyond https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 h od. YUDDfs. Y 1500 1550 Copernicus-----> 1600 1650 1700 <-----Galileo------> <-------------Newton Kepler <-----Brahe----->.

Scientific Revolution Define: *A movement that challenged medieval worldview and created a new way of thinking about the physical universe. *The Renaissance (new ideas on art and learning) + The Reformation (new ideas on religion) + The Scientific Revolution (new ideas on the physical universe) = break from Medieval Era http: //www. history. com/topics/enlightenment/videos /mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us-scientific-revolution

Intro: What do you wonder about? Think about the world around you. What do you question? What do you wonder? Share with a partner.

Flat Earth theory • Recent evidence and explanations have come to light making it clear that the earth really isn’t round. • http: //blackbag. gawker. com/the-earth-is-flatexplained-1755002534

Follow up questions: • What was your initial response? • Evaluate my evidence. What is flawed about my logic? • HOW do you know I am incorrect? • Imagine how the Catholic church reacted to new ideas back then.

Goal today: Aspects of the Scientific Rev. • Analyze and understand how science and it process challenged traditional beliefs and how observing the world scientifically was considered blasphemy. Via Galileo source analysis

Today: • 1. Reminders • Ch 13. 5 is due Tues /Wed next week. It is on my board and Weebly. • Quiz scores will go in this weekend. • Corrections will be offered but it has to be at lunch. • Looking ahead: Unit test ( CH 13) is on Oct 31 ( E period) or Nov 2( C period)

Scientific Revolution CH 13. 5 • What do you wonder about?

Significance • Scientific Revolution determines that mathematical laws govern nature • The Physical World can be changed/ manipulated/ understood by humans • Scientific explanations / discoveries can change the way people live and think about the universe

Newton’s Laws • Inertia: An object moves at constant velocity, unless it feels a net force. • Force: Force equals mass times acceleration • Action and Reaction: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

The Scientific Method Develops • Renaissance Rediscovers of ancient Greek thinkers (Plato) – Taught that mathematics and observation key to learning the truth / laws about nature • Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes – Challenged assumptions and determined that truth can only be found after an investigative process (Scientific Method)

The Scientific Method • 1. State the Problem • 2. Gather Information (Research) • 3. Form a Hypothesis (an educated guess) • 4. Experiment to test your Hypothesis • 5. Collect Data • 6. Draw a conclusion • 7. Communicate – share data, answer questions *Scientists create scientific laws from Experiments and observations

• The Scientific Revolution was a renaissance (rebirth) of… – Scientific process, and logic – Middle Ages = No Science/ belief in Religion/bible, etc. • Individuals drove the Scientific Revolution by… math and observation • How has the scientific method impacted our lives … (what discoveries have been made using the Scientific Method? )… – Medicine, flu shots, scientific machines

Warm Up • How did Europe get out of the Middle Ages? • How do you prove a scientific theory? Why is this process important? • What innovations did the Scientific Revolution give us?

Greek and Roman astronomers ruled the Middle Ages • Greek astronomers (Ptolemy) viewed the galaxy as geocentric (Earth centered) • The Catholic Church endorsed these scientists • Why would Ptolemy believe in a geocentric universe? … • What assumptions did he make?

Copernicus questioned the Greeks Skepticism – challenging assumptions • Applied the scientific method to his approach: hypothesized, gathered data, drafted conclusions • Copernicus used observation & math to prove the heliocentric (sun centered) model • Didn’t publish his theory while alive, for fear of rejection/questioning by peers

New Ideas about the Universe How does a Scientific Idea Develop? • Ptolemy – • Copernicus – • Kepler -

Galileo Galilei • Why would Galileo fit the description of a Renaissance Man (or a Jack-of-all-trades)? • How did Galileo prove Copernicus’s heliocentric (suncentered) theory? http: //vimeo. com/204352

Reactions to a Heliocentric Universe • How do People React to a New Theory on the Universe?

Martin Luther’s Reaction “People gave ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves, not the heavens or the firmament, the sun and the moon. . . This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy; but sacred scripture tells us [Joshua 10: 13] that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth. ” How does Martin Luther feel about Copernicus’s theory? What does Martin Luther think we should believe? Martin Luther, “Table Talk, ” (June 4, 1539) quoted in Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, NY: Vintage Books, 1959, p. l 91

Shakespeare’s Reaction In the ‘Degree’ speech in Troilus and Cressida, Ulysses says that the universe shows men the value of the harmony of the geocentric theory: ‘The Heavens themselves, the Planets, and this center the Earth, observe degree, priority, and place. ’ Ulysses goes on to warn that when the planets ‘in evil mixture to disorder wander’ then the hierarchy on Earth is in danger. Later in the play Troilus states that this has already happened: "The bonds of heaven are slipped, dissolved, and loosed. " What sort of universal model does Shakespeare believe in? Peter Usher, “Shakespeare and the New Astronomy, ” The Oxfordian, Vol. 5 (2002): 132 -146.

Questions for you and a partner: • What type of evidence did Copernicus use to prove his theory? • What type of evidence did Luther and Shakespeare use to prove their beliefs? • What was Copernicus most concerned with? • What most concerned Luther and Shakespeare?

The Catholic Church’s Reaction • Pope called Galileo to Rome • Galileo was put on trial for heresy since he – had said Copernicus was correct – went against geocentric Biblical teachings • Faced with torture, he renounced his findings • Was put on house arrest for the rest of his life In the end, how was Galileo able to renounce his findings, but not really lose any credit?

Galileo Extended the Revolution • Developed a compound microscope • Made a law to explain action of pendulums • Began observations with a refracting telescope that he designed • Used the scientific method of hypothesis, investigation, and conclusion • He proved Copernicus’s heliocentric model

Galileo Inspired Others • Johannes Kepler investigated a way to describe the motion of the planets around the sun – Laws of Planetary Motion • Isaac Newton applied his idea of gravity to prove the Laws of Planetary Motion • Newton invented Calculus to explain all of this motion The HELIOCENTRIC model won, even after the Church tried to shut down Galileo

Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Tycho Brahe Francis Bacon Rene Descartes Andreas Vesalius Ambroise Pare William Harvey Anton van Leeuwenoek Robert Boyle Isaac Newton Developed sun-centered universe theory

Questions • How did individuals like Copernicus and Galileo, among others, work to advance the core values of humanism? • How did the findings of Copernicus and Galileo improve the tolerance of science? • How did the findings of Copernicus and Galileo cause instability in Europe?

Copernicus Developed sun-centered universe theory Tycho Brahe Provided evidence to support Copernicus’s theory Thinkers of thethe Calculated orbits. Scientific of planets around the. Revolution sun Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Assembled the astronomical telescope Francis Bacon Stressed observation and experimentation – scientific method Rene Descartes Rejected Aristotle’s scientific assumptions with Francis Bacon. Was French. – scientific method Andreas Vesalius Wrote first human anatomy book Ambroise Pare Medical breakthroughs – ointment for infections, artificial limbs, etc. William Harvey Circulation of blood (veins and arteries) Anton van Leeuwenoek A Dutch inventor who perfected the microscope & became the 1 st human to see cells & micro-oraganisms Robert Boyle An English chemist who found out that matter was composed of tiny particles. Also found the difference between compounds and elements. Isaac Newton Showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun. Called it gravity