The Scientific Method The Scientific Method Separates science
- Slides: 42
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method = Separates science from other ways of studying & learning It is a system of: asking questions, developing a testable explanation, and using the results to explain the natural world = “organized common sense”, asking & answering questions
Steps of the Scientific Method Observe the natural world. 1. State a specific problem or question based on observations of the natural world. 2. Propose a hypothesis Hypothesis = possible explanation
Steps of the Scientific Method 3. Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. 4. Analyze Results to find patterns. 5. Draw a Conclusion. *My hypothesis was correct or incorrect. Notes: • Often the conclusion leads to further hypotheses. • Results should be repeatable.
Terminology: Factor = anything that affects an experiment. Control = the test group where the variable is not altered. Variable = the factor that differs among the test groups.
Example: In the Garden: Each spring 20 seedlings yield 50 -60 tomatoes by fall. This spring you add some Miracle. Gro®. This fall’s yield = 100 tomatoes.
Q. Did you prove Miracle. Gro® increased your tomato crop? A. Not Necessarily. Other Possible Factors: Was weather better for tomatoes? Were the same seeds planted? Were there fewer pests?
Q. How/What could you do to see if it really was the Miracle. Gro®? - Divide the Garden into 2 sections - Add Miracle. Gro® to only one section - Observe & Record
Hypothesis – A plausible explanation or prediction based on observations and previous research. If _________, Then __________.
Variables Independent Variable – the factor in an experiment that is altered or changed by the scientist. Dependent Variable – the factor that is affected, changed, or determined by the independent variable.
Bringing Variables and Hypothesis Together… If __________, Then __________ If I change this… Then this will happen… If Independent Variable, Then Dependent Variable.
Science & Truth • Scientific knowledge is changeable. • The Scientific method supports – not proves. • New evidence helps change or reject previous conclusions.
Science and Truth Theory = logical explanation for a broad range of observations Examples? Theory of Evolution Germ Theory Big Bang Theory
Scientific Method & Yellow Fever ® What is Yellow Fever? ® Walter Reed ® Carlos Findlay -
Scientific Method: Yellow Fever Science always starts with observations of the world around us. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 – Question - Hypothesis - Experiment – Analyze Results – Conclusion Presenting results is essential for scientific advancement
Do Now: Observations Make two observations, two inferences, and two predictions about each photo. A B C
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B
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• Observation- information gathered using one or more of the five senses. Observations: • People wearing helmets • Two people in green and white • One person in in black • One person wear stripes • Persons arms out like a T with a football in hand • Persons arms above their head
Inference- an interpretation of one or more observations. Inferences: • The playier in black scored a touchdown • #81 is tackling the player in black
• Qualitative observation- deals with descriptions that can be observed but not measured • Examples- Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc.
• Quantitative observation- an observation dealing with numbers that can be measured • Examples: Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
Qualitative or Quantitative? 1. Chemical A and chemical B reacted creating bubbles. 2. The chemical reaction released 10 joules of heat into the environment. 3. The beaker contained 10 m. L less water that the previous day. 4. The brown rock is heavier than the black rock. 5. The bear has a number 3 shaved into its fur.
Communicating Scientifically Bar Graph – Categorical or Discrete Data Essential Items • Scale • Title • X & Y Axis Labels Average Raptor Count In Hudson County NJ, 2014 Winter Spring Summer Fall 150 800 300 950
Communicating Scientifically Line Graph – For Continuous Data Essential Items • Scale • X & Y Axis Labels • Title • Legend *When there is more than one set of data Birds Spotted Per Hour In Hudson County During Fall Migration, 2013 & 2014 Time 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am 2013 15 20 16 10 2014 10 23 20 15
Communicating Scientifically • Pie Chart – For Data Showing Parts of a Whole Essential Items • Title • Labels For Wedges or Legend Count of Each Species of Raptor In Hudson County, Spring 2014 Redtail hawk Osprey Bald Eagle Kestrel Total 1200 500 20 1000 2720 44% 18% 1% 37%
What type of Graph? 1. Change in temperature over time. 2. Difference in population for Jersey City, Hoboken, and Weehawken. 3. What percentage of each ice-cream flavor is sold at grocery store. 4. Change in pressure as temperature increases. 5. Average height per grade level at Weehawken High School.
Lab Safety - Rules • Follow all instructions carefully. Use special care when you see the word CAUTION. • Familiarize yourself with the location of all safety equipment in your classroom. This may include fire extinguishers, fire blankets, sand, an eyewash, and a shower. • Never eat or drink in the science laboratory. • Never run, push or engage in horseplay or practical jokes in the laboratory.
Lab Safety – Rules continued • Report all accidents or safety hazards to your teacher immediately. • Never perform unauthorized experiments. Never work alone in a laboratory. • Dispose of used chemicals and matches as your teacher instructs. • Dress properly: Push up sleeves above wrist. No loose fitting clothing Tie Back hair. Wear safety goggles when using chemicals, hot liquids, or fire. – Wear apron or lab coats. – –
Lab Safety – Rules continued again • Be extra careful when dealing with heat or fire: – – – Never leave hot plate, burner, or any other hot object unattended. Never reach over an exposed flame. Use tongs or pot holders to handle hot laboratory equipment. Never allow flammable materials such as alcohol near an open flame. Never point the mouth of a test tube towards anybody while it is heating. • Use care working with chemicals: – Never taste or touch substances in the laboratory without specific instructions. – Use materials only from containers that are properly labeled. – Never smell anything without specific instructions. Then wave the air above the substance toward your nose and sniff carefully. Do not inhale the fumes directly. – Wash your hands after using chemicals.
Lab Safety – Rules continued one more time… • Use care working with laboratory equipment: – Do not use chipped or cracked glassware. – Do not force glass tubing or thermometers into stoppers. – Never look directly at ultraviolet lamps, bright lights, or the sun. Never look at the sun through a telescope. Damage to the eyes can occur without your being aware of it. • Turn off everything before you leave for a fire drill or other emergency.
Lab Safety • Fire Blanket • Fire Extinguisher • Emergency Shower • Emergency Eye Wash
Charles Darwin Sir Isaac Newton Madam Curie Albert Einstein Acting Like a Scientist Nicholas Copernicus Rosalind Franklin
Language of Science • • anemo – wind atmo – vapor bronch – windpipe calor – heat eco – house lingu – tongue photo – light sci - know • Anemone • Atmosphere • Bronchitis • Calorie • Ecosystem • Language • Photography • Science
Measuring Scientifically International System of Units (SI Units) Sort of like the metric system… - This system is used around the world. - Allows scientist to easily compare data.
Measuring Scientifically - Continued TOOLS • Meter Stick • Balance – Equal Arm Balance – Triple Beam Balance – Electronic Balance • Thermometers • Graduated Cylinders MEASURE • Distance, Area, & Volume • Mass • Temperature • Volume
Measuring Scientifically Precision Vs. Accuracy Precision – Consistently getting the same measurement. Accuracy – Close to the correct amount. Significant Figures - Numbers that are both precise and accurate.
Measuring Scientifically • HOW PRECISE CAN I BE? Reading a Meniscus • You can measure to ½ of the most precise instrument.
Significant Figures • ALL non-zero numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are ALWAYS significant. How Many Sig. Figs? a. 23 b. 203 • ALL zeroes between non-zero c. . 230 numbers are ALWAYS significant. d. 230. 0 • ALL zeroes which are e. 0. 023 SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of the f. 42. 0 decimal point AND at the end of the g. 500, 000 number are ALWAYS significant. h. 500, 000. 0 • ALL zeroes which are to the left of a i. . 00071 j. . 000710 written decimal point and are in a number >= 10 are ALWAYS significant.
Observing Scientifically • Dissecting Microscope • Compound Microscope • Electron Microscope
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